Sulfur

• In fact, icy moons and dwarf planets in the outer Solar System appear to have liquid oceans below layers of thick ice.
• Recent research suggests there could even be oceans inside bodies beyond Pluto.

Tidal heating

• Io therefore overtakes Europa after every two orbits, receiving a regularly repeated tidal tug from Europa that prevents Io’s orbit from becoming circular.
• Peale’s prediction of tidal heating was vindicated only a week after publication when Voyager-1, the the first sophisticated flyby of Jupiter, sent back images of volcanoes erupting on Io.
• This isn’t likely to be due to tidal heating but instead possibly down to heat given off by decay of radioactive elements.
• Saturn has a relatively small (504km radius) icy moon called Enceladus, which has an internal ocean thanks to tidal heating from interaction with the larger moon called Dione.

Other oceans

• Puzzlingly, even for moons that should have no tidal heating, and for bodies that aren’t moons at all, evidence for internal oceans keeps mounting up.
• The authors suggest that heat from the decay of radioactive elements in the rock is sufficient to explain how these internal oceans have been kept warm enough to avoid freezing.
• It is possible that other underground oceans could be similarly inhospitable.

• David Rothery is co-leader of the European Space Agency's Mercury Surface and Composition Working Group, and a Co-Investigator on MIXS (Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer) that is now on its way to Mercury on board the European Space Agency's Mercury orbiter BepiColombo.
• He is author of Planet Mercury - from Pale Pink Dot to Dynamic World, Moons: A Very Short Introduction and Planets: A Very Short Introduction.

• The gram-positive bacterium Cutibacterium acnes has previously been associated with various skin conditions, including acne vulgaris and post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
• There could, therefore, be a potential association between C. acnes and the observed skin microbiota of patients with LS with and without hypopigmentation.
• Comparing patients with LS with and without hypopigmentation, the researchers discovered a quadrupled presence (23.26% versus 5.29% of the entire microbiota) of Cutibacterium acnes in the former.
• Title of original paper: Association between the skin microbiome and lichen striatus hypopigmentation: Cutibacterium acnes as a potential cause

• A1 Group upgraded by Moody’s from Baa1 to A3, outlook stable
  The issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.
• A1 Group upgraded by Moody’s from Baa1 to A3, outlook stable
  The international rating agency Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) upgraded the credit rating of A1 Group from Baa1 to A3 with a stable outlook earlier today.
• On top of Standard & Poor’s and Fitch, with the latest upgrade of Moody's, A1 Group is now A rated by all three major credit rating agencies.
• Alejandro Plater and Thomas Arnoldner, the Management Board of A1 Group, agree: “The upgrade reflects a consistent history of adhering to the strong execution of our strategy, a prudent financial policy and resilient results in a challenging environment.”
  19.12.2023 CET/CEST This Corporate News was distributed by EQS Group AG.

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