Supreme

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• But abortion was illegal in Arizona.
• Boido, the city’s sole female physician, asked Juhl for US$100 – about $2,000 today – to perform the abortion.
• Juhl left the office, then tried to give herself an abortion and returned to Boido’s practice in physical distress.
• It is unclear whether Boido performed an abortion, removed fetal tissue, or merely gave her pain medication.
• As someone who teaches history in Arizona and researches slavery, I think it is useful to understand what life was like in Arizona when this abortion ban was in force.

A women’s rights desert

• In 1864, Arizona – which was an official territory of the United States – was a vast desert.
• Most women living in territorial Arizona were Diné, meaning Navajo, or Chiricahua Apache.
• All women in Arizona could not vote, serve on juries or exercise full control over property in a marriage.
• Throughout his life, he would have three more wives, including a 12-year-old, a 15-year-old and a 14-year-old at the time of their weddings.

Women’s rights in territorial Arizona

• Women had few basic rights in Arizona before it became a state in 1912.
• Hispanic and African American women had even fewer rights than white women.
• Arizona punished anyone who kidnapped a Black person for the purpose of selling them into slavery.
• In 1913, one year after Arizona became a state, women finally got the right to vote.

Getting an abortion in territorial Arizona

• Some women like Juhl did indeed violate Arizona’s abortion ban, based on historical evidence of physicians charging a high fee.
• The jury “found her guilty of performing an illegal operation,” according to the Arizona Republican newspaper.
• Arizona kept this 1864 abortion ban in place until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Roe v. Wade in 1973, that the right to get an abortion was constitutionally guaranteed.
• The court reversed Roe v. Wade in 2022, sparking a series of events that have led to the resurrection of the 1864 Arizona abortion ban.

Calvin Schermerhorn does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

• The review comes after Dave Yost, the state’s attorney general, advised administrators in a call that using race as a factor to award funds may be unconstitutional.
• The day after the Supreme Court’s decision, he had signaled that schools should clamp down on race-conscious programs.
• He warned that “disguised” race-conscious admissions policies are still race-conscious admissions policies.

Targeting racial criteria

• Officials at the universities of Kentucky and Missouri eliminated consideration of race in scholarships and grants.
• This raises a question that goes beyond Ohio: Are scholarships that use race as part of their criteria a thing of the past?
• To figure that out, administrators may have to go back to the source: the 2023 Supreme Court decision.

Diversity and the ‘strict scrutiny’ test

• In 2003 and again in 2016, the court ruled that a diverse student body is a compelling interest.
• But in 2023, Harvard and UNC weren’t able to pass the strict scrutiny test.
• But this overlooks two important facts: The Supreme Court did not rule that diversity can never be a compelling state interest or that race can never be considered.
• Even race-conscious admissions aren’t completely off the table – if programs can pass the strict scrutiny test.

• But after the Harvard and UNC decision, even these programs will need to explore other ways to achieve diversity.
• MIT and Stanford Law are among the programs already using criteria such as income, ZIP code and civic engagement to maintain diversity.

More challenges ahead

• In contrast, some campus leaders and lawyers argue that the court’s decision should be limited to race-conscious admissions.
• They argue it should not include other programs where race might be used as a factor.

Tips for prospective students and their parents

• Students can also take the following steps: • Stay informed: Follow the news to find out whether changes in state laws or policies will affect scholarship opportunities.
• • Talk to financial aid administrators: Connect with advisers in the school’s financial aid office to learn how they interpret the Harvard/UNC decision.

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

• Following Iran’s barrage of drone and missile attacks on April 13, Israel has retaliated and conducted a strike attack near the city of Isfahan in southern Iran.
• Both sides have now matched each other in striking targets within each other’s national border.
• However, details of the extent of any damage done by Israel’s strike are disputed and are being played down by Iran.

The politics of status

• Domestic issues can play an important role here, in how the political and military elites of both states decide to react.
• Despite the majority of the Israeli public being in favour of the campaign to eradicate Hamas in Gaza, he remains unpopular.
• Hence there are good reasons for him to respond military to the challenge posed by Iran.

Regime forged in war

• Historically, the trauma of war has been used by the Islamic Republic to foster nationalism among the population.
• Following the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, the loss of Iranian life, which totalled in the hundreds of thousands, played a huge role in cementing “the formation and empowerment of the Islamic Republic”.
• Militarily contesting Israel can be perceived as a means of solidifying the regime’s position internally and enhancing the country’s image within the region.
• At present, neither side has the ability to send an expeditionary force into each other’s territory.

Ben Soodavar does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.