Salmon River

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• The Klamath River runs over 250 miles (400 kilometers) from southern Oregon to the Pacific Ocean in Northern California.
• Closer to its mouth at Requa, the trees rising above the river are often blanketed in fog.
• The Klamath is central to the worldviews, history and identity of several Native nations.
• From headwaters in Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin-Paiute lands, it flows through Shasta, Karuk, Hupa and Yurok homelands.

People, fish and infrastructure

• Resident fishes of the upper Klamath are highly endemic, meaning that they do not occur anywhere else in the world.
• Many fishes, particularly Chinook salmon, steelhead and coho salmon, annually migrated to or near the headwaters of the Klamath River to spawn.
• Dam building ushered in a new phase of attempted removal for tribes whose lives and cultures were centered along the rivers.

Declining fisheries

• Permitting processes in the heyday of Western dam construction did not consider impacts on Indigenous nations or fisheries.
• Construction of Copco 1 blocked all fish migration to the Klamath’s upper reaches starting in 1912.
• Subsequently, Copco 2, J.C. Boyle and Iron Gate dams further shortened fish migrations, cutting off access to approximately 400 miles (650 kilometers) of productive spawning and rearing habitat.
• The Coho salmon, shortnose sucker, Lost River sucker, bull trout and euchalon all are federally listed as threatened or endangered.

Impacts on tribal nations

• Development in the Klamath Basin has pitted agricultural interests against tribal nations and fish, particularly during dry years.
• Losing salmon along the Klamath is traumatic for Native nations, which see the fish as a cultural and spiritual keystone.
• For them, working to remove the dams and protect the salmon is a commitment and a responsibility.
• These salmon are a direct tie to my ancestors – the physical representation of their love for me.
• According to the Winters doctrine, established in a 1908 Supreme Court ruling, tribal water rights extend back to the dates when reservations were created.

Welcoming salmon home

• Fish population responses will probably vary, particularly during the first several years after removal.
• However, salmon and trout have evolved to migrate upstream and access important headwater spawning and rearing habitats.
• In Yurok restoration engineer Brook Thompson’s words, “We’re all focused on finding solutions to bringing our salmon back home and creating a healthy life for them.

• BOISE, Idaho, April 13, 2023 /PRNewswire/ - Perpetua Resources Corp. (Nasdaq: PPTA) (TSX: PPTA) ("Perpetua Resources" or "Perpetua" or the "Company") announced today it selected Iron Woman Construction and Environmental Services ("Iron Woman") to conduct environmental improvements in the historical Stibnite Mining District in 2023.
• Beginning in early summer 2023, Iron Woman will support Perpetua Resources to move over 300,000 tons of legacy mine waste away from sensitive waterways on site and continue efforts to restore impacted riparian areas.
• Cleanup work under the first phase of the agreement started in 2022 and, after a competitive bidding process, Iron Woman was selected by Perpetua Resources to help with cleanup activities planned for 2023.
• The Iron Woman team will be based at site in a pre-existing exploration camp to eliminate the need for daily commuting.

• The Vendor owns 19 contiguous mining claims forming the Salmon Property covering approximately 208 hectares in the Hyder Mining District situated in southeastern Alaska, along the panhandle, immediately east of the Salmon River.
• The property is well located near infrastructures such as an all-weather road, a town, and a power-line as well as docks at tidewater.
• Optimum is a Canadian-based mineral exploration company actively seeking opportunities in the resource sector.
• Its properties and projects are all located in British Columbia and the extensions of the Golden Triangle area of Northern British Columbia into Alaska.