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• Our interest in narcissism has never been higher, with Google searches for the word “narcissist” having steadily increased over the past decade.
• This term has become part of everyday parlance, readily thrown around to describe celebrities, politicians and ex-partners.
• A byproduct of our growing interest in narcissism is a curiosity about what types of narcissist exist.

What is a narcissist?

• Over the past century or so, conceptualisations of narcissism have evolved.
• It is now thought of as a collection of personality traits characterised by grandiosity, entitlement and callousness.
• A narcissist may also meet the diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder, a mental health diagnosis that affects about 1% of people.

How many types of narcissism are there?

• These are grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism.
• Recent models have identified three core components of narcissism that help explain the similarities and differences between both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
• Also, while diagnostic criteria emphasise the grandiose aspects of narcissistic personality disorder, clinicians report an oscillation between both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in people with the disorder.
• A person who only scores highly for vulnerable narcissism is more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder than narcissistic personality disorder.

Are there other types of narcissists?

• First and most concerning is the proliferation of pop psychology articles that describe types of narcissism for which there is no good evidence.
• But searching for these terms in peer-reviewed academic literature yields no evidence that they are valid types of narcissism.
• This likely comes from early literature, which used a range of terms to describe types of narcissism.
• These descriptions imply each of these are mutually exclusive types of narcissism, when really they should be thought of as aspects of grandiose and/or vulnerable narcissism.

The danger of labels

• This content fuels armchair psychologists, who then jump to assign the label “narcissist” to anyone they think is displaying narcissistic traits.
• Even when accurately applied in clinical settings, diagnostic labels aren’t always useful.
• Read more:
  Narcissism – and the various ways it can lead to domestically abusive relationships

• He has been charged with 37 violations of the US Espionage Act, and pleaded not guilty.
• The Espionage Act of 1917 could have a better name.
• Those who violate it are not necessarily spying on the US or selling its secrets to a foreign adversary.
• Simply mishandling secret information could be a violation if done wilfully, or if that mistake was covered up.

Millions have clearance

• Today, 5.1 million people in the US have a security clearance – of whom 1.25 million have top-secret clearance.
• As a privilege that takes months to obtain, it is understandable that some people like to brag about their access.
• Listening to the CNN recording, one might conclude that Trump was also showing off Pentagon plans to a staffer not cleared to see them.
• Espionage Act violations come in many different forms and can result in a wide variety of punishments, if any at all.

Changing times

• In a perfect world, public officials would see these as a lodestar for their service.
• Of course, these principles are vague and impossible to codify into law.
• By that standard, every MI6 employee should be fired immediately, but what would that do for national security?

• 2023 LUX European Audience Film Award: press conference with the winner
  A press conference with a representative of the 2023 LUX Award winner will take place on Tuesday, after the announcement at the award ceremony.
• Where: Parliament’s Anna Politkovskaya press conference room in Brussels (SPAAK 0A50) and online
  When: 27 June 2023 at 19.25 CET
  Participants: representative of the winning film, EP Vice-President Evelyn Regner (S&D, AT) and Honorary President of the LUX European Audience Film Award and Chair of the European Film Academy, Mike Downey
  The interpretation will be provided in English, French, Dutch and Spanish.
• The award ceremony
  The ceremony will be opened at 18.00 by EP President Roberta Metsola in the Hemicycle of the European Parliament in Brussels.
• It will take place in the presence of Members of the European Parliament, creators and crews of the five nominated films, as well as the European audience, with almost 1400 attendees having registered.

• In France, for example, no polls are allowed to be published on the day of an election.
• There are, however, very few laws governing what social media companies do in relation to elections.
• So this year, the European Commission intends to introduce regulations for political adverts that will apply across the countries of the EU.
• As more people consume their news online, and as advertising revenues move online, social media poses a greater threat to fair and transparent elections.

The user marketplace

• Social media companies generally use an in-house artificial intelligence bidding system, operating in real-time, for each page that is presented to a user.
• This inventive model was originally conceived by Google and has radically changed the world of marketing.
• Because the basis of the model lies in gathering each person’s behavioural activities on the platforms for marketing purposes, it has been described as surveillance capitalism.
• A new level of AI, surveillance and business cooperation was achieved when Facebook began providing services to companies involved in political campaigning.

The European approach

• The EU, therefore, needs to provide a definition that does not infringe on freedom of expression but enables the market to be properly regulated.
• The new European legislation will aim to put all political ads in an open repository, where they will be open to public scrutiny and regulation.
• The European Commission wants to see these regulations come into force before the European elections of 2024.
• Regulation of political ads will come in some form or another, making it more possible to hold social media companies to account.