Pamphlet

• They knew each other, were both supporters of libraries with successful legal careers, and were politically active.
• Both men claimed that they felt truly British – but from their shared identity they arrived at violently opposing conclusions.

Parallel paths

• The stories of Martin Howard and Stephen Hopkins begin as mirror images of each other, including growing up in Rhode Island.
• He served as Overseer of the Poor, Smallpox Inspector, and in the Rhode Island General Assembly.
• In the early 1760s, their paths might have seemed closely aligned.
• Howard’s and Hopkins’ reactions to these laws marked a key phase of division between them, and across colonial North America.

Dueling pamphlets

• Hopkins supported the loose coalition of organizations collectively known as the Sons of Liberty who campaigned against imperial taxation.
• A close read of the pamphlets published by Howard and Hopkins in the mid-1760s shows they both invoke their common Anglo-American heritage – but only one would eventually come to the conclusion that it was necessary to sever that link.

• To him, that included the right to have a voice in Parliamentary deliberations about colonial taxation, because he lived in Britain’s North American colonies.
• But in Howard’s view, this did not include a right to vote in Parliamentary elections: Not all British people could vote, even if they lived in Britain.

A split based on shared identity and values

• It was a revolution, but those who sought to break from Britain did so as a way of preserving their British identity.
• This seeming contradiction helps illustrate why groups of people who shared Anglo-American identity and heritage fought on both sides of a violent war to preserve their divergent views of that identity and heritage.

Abby Chandler does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

• Environmental History: Conservation and Public Policy in America, 1870–1980 is the research market's first digital archive that examines the history of the environment and conservation efforts across the globe from the late 1800s onwards.
• "We created the Environmental History series in response to the interest we received from librarians and scholars on the topic," said Seth Cayley, vice president of global academic product at Gale.
• Environmental History also includes Gale's new Related Resources feature, which links documents from the archive to relevant articles in Gale eBooks .
• Gale will host a lunch and learn event on Environmental History during the 2023 Charleston Conference as well as showcase the new archive series at the Gale booth #71.

• This vision of an “American Italy” captured hearts and imaginations across the U.S.
• In it, Florida and California promised a place in the sun for industrious Americans to live the good life, with the perfect climate.
• Global warming has put both Florida and California at the top of the list of states most at risk from climate change.

Selling semitropical climates

• In the decades after the Civil War, white Americans living in the North and Midwest had to be persuaded that sun-kissed climates would not do them more harm than good.
• Climate became integral to California’s and Florida’s growing reputation as idealized U.S. destinations.
• He saw its destiny to attract those who would “bask in the sunlight of a genial clime.” This proved a compelling vision.
• Southern California’s population more than trebled during the decade to over 201,000, while peninsular Florida’s doubled to over 147,000.
• Yet Southern California and Florida became connected through economic futures founded upon climate promotion and related industries of citrus, tourism and real estate.

An inexhaustible resource

• Comparing Florida and California had become a national pastime as popular as mahjong and crossword puzzles, according to Robert Hodgson, a subtropical horticulturist at the University of California, in 1926.
• Whereas precious metals or forests could be mined or cut down, climate was different: an infinite resource.
• It “can never be exhausted by man in his ignorance or cupidity,” he explained.

Climate as crisis

• This history of climate-based advertising puts into stark relief the challenges faced by California and Florida in the era of climate crisis.
• Today, both confront recurring natural disasters that are exacerbated by human-caused climate change: wildfires in California, hurricanes and flooding in Florida, and increasingly dangerous heat in both.

• The Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (Privacy Commissioner), Ms Ada CHUNG Lai-ling, was interviewed by RTHK Radio 1’s “HK2000”, Commercial Radio 1’s “On a Clear Day” on 4 August and RTHK Radio 1’s “Hong Kong Today” on 5 August to explain the pamphlet entitled “Sharenting Dos and Don’ts” (Pamphlet) issued by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data.
• During the interviews, the Privacy Commissioner pointed out that as parents are more likely to share their children’s daily lives on social media during the summer vacation, the Pamphlet aims to provides some tips for parents before they publish any post about their children online.
• The interview by RTHK Radio 1’s “HK2000” can be listened here.
• (Chinese only)
  The interview by RTHK Radio 1’s “Hong Kong Today” can be listened here (from 1”04”14 to 1”10”14) (Chinese only).