Disagreement

• The pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, is the weirdest whale you’ve probably never heard of.
• It is the smallest of the living baleen whales and restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.

You are what you eat?

• Many scientists remained unconvinced, however, leading to decades of acrimonious debates over bones, fossils and molecules.
• For more than a century, the case for Caperea being a right whale seemed sound.
• The implications of this brief comparison are obvious: Caperea resembles right whales far more than it does rorquals, and so must have the same evolutionary origin.

Morphology versus molecules

• Time and again, genes allied Caperea with rorquals, rather than right whales.
• Just think of the streamlined bodies of sharks, whales and the extinct ichthyosaurs.
• Fuelling the debate was the fact that only some of the DNA of Caperea had actually been sequenced.
• Sometimes, key fossils can settle evolutionary debates, as happened in 2001 when two pivotal finds confirmed the origin of whales from hoofed mammals.

What our DNA testing revealed

• Genomics studies all of an organism’s DNA – its entire molecular blueprint.
• DNA ultimately determines body shape, so comparing genomes should either corroborate anatomical family trees or expose the effects of convergence.
• Using a sample from a stranded individual from South Australia, we finally sequenced the genome of the pygmy right whale.

So what is Caperea really?

• Proving that Caperea is not a right whale raises another question: why is it so unlike its rorqual cousins?
• Molecular dating suggests it diverged from other whales at least 14 million years ago, and perhaps much earlier.
• One possibility is that Caperea sprang from the cetotheriids, an ancient family of whales once thought to be extinct.
• Many palaeontologists remain sceptical about this idea and instead have clung to the traditional grouping of Caperea with right whales.

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