Journal | Jotup

Isabel Schnabel: From laggard to leader? Closing the euro area's technology gap

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

Orbis, NACE, PRT, Premium, Employment, FRA, Economics, ITA, BACH, LVA, European Commission, GTA, ECB, Risk, CEIC, Ageing, Intangibles, Policy, Person, NGEU, TFP, GDP, GRC, NLD, EIA, RHS, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Database, Digital, European Economic Association, Journal, LUX, AUT, JPN, Frontier, Harmful, Trade Data Monitor, Gérard Schivardi, Lost, Attention, Growth, LHS, LTU, RRF, COVID-19, Rubric, Productivity, Bank, Capital, HICP, Social, METI, Total

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Is home bias biased? New evidence from the investment fund sector

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

Rule of law, Journal of Accounting Research, Capital control, Domestic, CEPII, Research Papers in Economics, M. B, Regression analysis, Journal of International Economics, Foreign, Economic growth, Methodology, Row, International, Intuition, Risk, Heritage, Economic development, Goethe University Frankfurt, Overweight, Journal of Monetary Economics, Accounting research, International business, Paper, Political economy, Journal of Financial Economics, Environment, Website, United, Category, World Bank, Probability, Medical classification, Sun, Appendix, Handbook, G11, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Frankfurt, Institution, Investment, International economics, Journal of Political Economy, Corporation, G15, Logic, Dow Jones, PDF, Classification, ECB, CEIC, Károlyi, Policy, Outline, Household, Social science, JEL, Real, Bias, FDI, Journal, Research, Journal of Economic Literature, Credit, The Journal of Finance, Literature, Nationalization, European Central Bank, AA, Culture, Growth, Monetary economics, Section 5, Kho, Rule, Rogoff, Developed country, AAA, Finance, SHS, Control, Variable, Section 4, Language, Section 3, Role, Economy, Financial economics, Section 2, Freedom, Central bank, Incidence, Law, The Heritage Foundation, American Economic Review, Obstfeld, SSRN, Foreign direct investment, G23, Corruption, Quarterly Journal, Financial statement analysis, GDP, IMF Economic Review, Schumacher, University, MVI, Demirci, Dependent and independent variables, Lane, Common, Magazine, Bank, Reproduction, Security (finance)

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A new measure of firm-level competition: an application to euro area banks

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

Glass, RPD, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Goldberg, Employment, Lead, Competition, SCP, Research Papers in Economics, TCF, Intuition, Laboratory, Euromoney, Bank of Canada, Calendar, International political economy, Manufacturing, Oxford Economic Papers, Harvard University Press, Paper, Linearity, R2, Environment, Delicatessen, System, Website, Panzar, Working paper, World Bank, Elzinga, Friends, Madiga, CPB, Investment, Lerner index, Statistics, Croatian National Bank, PDF, Elsevier, ECB, Industrial organization, Policy, Social science, JEL, Operations research, Internet, Journal, Research, Literature, European Central Bank, Journal of Economic Surveys, MRP, Commercial, Section 5, Financial intermediary, Ministry of Social Affairs, Elasticity, National bank, Government, Developed country, Cell, Tarazi, Wealth, Publishing, Springer Nature, Prudential, Marketing, Law, The Economic Journal, Lerner, L16, Business economics, OECD, International Monetary Fund, Section 4, Database, Section 3, Krieger, EMU, Section 2, Pressure, Central bank, Economics Letters, Bank, Jorgenson, Character, Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, Life, EDS, American Economic Review, K2, Appendix, Applied economics, CEE, Palgrave Macmillan, Livret A, Bell Labs, GDP, Part, Country, Public policy, De Economist, Management, Publication, Motivation, Cooperative, Reproduction, IMF, Edward Elgar Publishing, Housing, Handbook, G21, Real estate

Abstract

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Abstract
This paper extends Boone (2008) by introducing a competition measure at the individual
firm level rather than for an entire market segment.
We apply this extended Boone indicator to individual bank-level competition
in the loan market in the four largest euro area countries and Austria.
Our new measure of firm-level competition enriches and complements
other competition measures and provides a promising starting point for future market
power analyses.
The only measure among non-structural measures that is based on the
concept of competition as a process of rivalry is the Boone (2008) indicator.
We introduce
a new performance measure of competition by extending the Boone indicator to the
individual firm level.
Introduction
The ability to reliably measure competition is valuable to researchers, analysts, and
policymakers, especially antitrust authorities, financial supervisors, and central banks.
One broad
category of indicators often used to measure competition are structural competition
measures, such as static concentration measures, and dynamic measures, e.g., entry and
exit rates.
Out of these measures, the only measure based on the
concept of competition as a process of rivalry is the Boone indicator.
This study introduces a new performance measure of competition by extending the
Boone indicator to the individual firm level.
It thus measures the
increase in profits in percent of one percentage point increase in efficiency, with marginal
costs as measure of efficiency.
We extend the theoretical
underpinning of the measurement of competition for the entire market of Boone (2008) by
a new measure of individual firm-level competition.
A concern of the literature is the gap
between the practical application and the theoretical framework of Boone (2008).
We introduce within the same theoretical
framework a new measure of competition on firm level, the MRP.
Our new
measure significantly augments the antitrust evaluative framework by shedding light on
whether a merger results in a less competitive market.
Our novel indicator focuses on
firms? incentives to enhance their relative efficiency, as manifested in the elasticity
between relative profits and efficiency.
However, an inefficient firm that is foreclosed could be more
competitive than the larger efficient firm that relies on its scale economies.
Our new metric of competition unveils
banks? ability to influence their profitability in the short term by cutting costs relative to
their peers.
The new MRP indicator provides the ability to assess the impact
of individual banks? competitiveness on their interest rate-setting behaviour in loan
markets.
Incorporating this information promises a more refined understanding of the impact and
timing of monetary policy rates changes on the real economy.
Section 3 introduces within the Boone
(2008) theoretical framework our new measure of individual firm-level competition,
including the interpretation of the MRP.
Section 4 provides an application of our new
ECB Working Paper Series No 2925
6

individual firm-level competition measure to the loan market.
The StructureConduct-Performance paradigm (SCP) provides a traditional framework in the field of
industrial organization for analysing competition behaviour in markets.
Concentrated
markets ease the possibilities to collude implicitly or explicitly and therefore concentrated
markets result in higher prices and profits.
For example, a tougher competition
setup may lead to a reallocation of market shares, potentially forcing some firms to exit
the market.
This approach gives firms? strategic behaviour
central stage and focuses on the strategic interaction on prices and quantities, known as
conjectural variation.
Another measure from
this strand of literature is the H-statistic developed by Panzar and Rosse (1987).
The only competition measure from this performance literature where competition is the
outcome from a process of rivalry is the Boone indicator.
A continuous and monotonically increasing relationship exists between
RPD and the level of competition if firms are ranked by decreasing efficiency.
(2013) compare the Boone indicator with the price-cost margin
and conclude that the profit elasticity is a more reliable measure of competition.
The high
elasticity of profits to efficiency unequivocally indicates that the high market shares and
therefore high profits are due to high efficiency.
A firm that quickly passes changes to the input prices is seen as a price
taker with little market power.
Indicators of competition tend to measure different phenomenon and may provide
conflicting messages, as reported for European banking by Carbo et al.
Application 2: Test the ?quiet life? and related market structure hypotheses using the
MRP as competition or market structure measure.
Data
Our application to individual bank-level competition in the euro area loan market uses
balance sheet and income statement data from the Moody?s Analytics BankFocus for the
calendar years 2013-2020.
As such, most publications
on competition in the euro area includes the largest four member states.
Due to these restrictions the database was reduced to an unbalanced panel of up to 1862
banks (depending on the year) from five euro area countries.
Application 1: Measure bank competition using MRP
Looking at the distribution of the MRP for individual banks (Fig.
A similar finding for the four largest euro area countries as a group is
reported in Carbo et al.
Application 2: Test of market structure hypotheses using MRP
Our new measure of individual-bank competition can be used to test market structure
theories.
Euro area banks? market power,
lending channel and stability: the effects of negative policy rates, European Central Bank
Working Paper, 2790 (February).
A
new approach to measuring competition in the loan markets of the euro area, Applied
Economics, 43 (23), 3155?3167.
Impact of bank competition on the interest rate pass-through in the euro area, Applied
Economics, 45 (11), 1359?1380.

Central bank digital currency and monetary policy implementation

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

E41, Central bank digital currency, Atlantic Council, Research Papers in Economics, Remuneration, Norges Bank, People's Bank of China, Policy, Central Bank of Myanmar, Bank for International Settlements, Blog, Financial innovation, Sveriges Riksbank, Bank of Canada, Mechanics, Journal of Monetary Economics, Insurance, Bank of England, E42, Corridor, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Report card, Frankfurt, Appetite, American Economic Association, Digital rupee, Rosolin, RBI, PDF, Private, ECB, Committee, Inden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bank, Canadian International Council, Social science, JEL, JMD, ECCB, Digital, Journal, Research, POC, European Central Bank, ENaira, M.A, Monetary economics, Section 5, Government, ISSN, The, Central bank, Finance, Buffer, Parliament, CBN, EONIA, Asset, ATM, Risk, International Monetary Fund, Interbank, Section 4, Ministry, Press release, Section 3, Human, Waterfall, Cryptocurrency, Economy, Swiss National Bank, PIB, Section 2, Conference, Reserve Bank, Reserve Bank of India, GBP, Progress, Road, American Economic Review, CBB, Digital currency, Agur, European Commission, International Settlement, Constraint, Money, Community business development corporation, City, Equivalence, Eligibility, Ministry of Finance, Report, Control, Civil service commission, EUR, Uncertainty, Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, Abadi, Rest, Reproduction, Fintech, IMF, Federal Reserve, LCR, Data

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Transactional demand for central bank digital currency

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

POS, Learning, CB, E41, Calibration, Financial regulation, Interest, ATM, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Journal of Macroeconomics, Sensitivity, Diffusion, ITunes, Bank of Canada, P2P, Safety, NBER, Benchmarking, Prevalence, SPACE, Bernoulli, Journal of Monetary Economics, E42, Paper, European Parliamentary Research Service, Apollo, Environment, Political economy, COVID-19, Review of Economic Dynamics, Abramov, Loss, Working paper, Choice, Collection, Probability, Dowd, Castrén, Face, Noise, History, Restaurant, Journal of Political Economy, ECB, Policy, Diary, Model, Utility, Clutch (eggs), Canadian International Council, Journal of Financial Stability, JEL, Digital, Bias, Journal, Research, Classification, CBDC, SARS-CoV-2, ECMI, Credit, Odds ratio, Literature, European Central Bank, Mises Institute, Monetary economics, Section 5, Occupation, E47, Financial intermediary, Government, Supermarket, Friction, Finance, BIS, Love, Bart, The Economic Journal, Education, Risk, Section 4, Privacy, Section 3, Appetite, App Store (iOS/iPadOS), Human, DNB, International finance, Section 2, Leonhard Euler, Payment, Attention, Central bank, Consumer, EPRS, Habit, American Economic Review, Confidence interval, FCO, Central bank digital currency, Exercise, Letizia, Applied economics, Digital currency, Sale, Business cycle, Amazon, Community business development corporation, Control, Chart, Proxy, American Economic Journal, LN, Bank, Fintech, IMF, Analysis, Aggregation, Cryptocurrency

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Digital euro safeguards – protecting financial stability and liquidity in the banking sector

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Thursday, April 18, 2024

A digital euro would offer a wide range of

Key Points:

A digital euro would offer a wide range of
financial stability benefits, including safeguarding the role of public money and
strengthening the strategic autonomy and monetary sovereignty of the euro area in
the digital era.
Keywords: CBDC, digital euro, bank intermediation, financial stability risks.
A digital euro has the potential to offer a wide range of financial stability
benefits for the digital era.
A digital euro would
stimulate financial innovation among private sector entities and enhance the
efficiency and resilience of the financial system by supporting competition and
diversity within it.3 In addition, a digital euro would strengthen the strategic autonomy
and monetary sovereignty of the euro area.
A digital euro would be designed to minimise risks to the financial system.
2
The preparation phase will pave the way for a future decision on whether or not to issue a digital euro.
When gauging the implications for the euro area banking sector of introducing a
digital euro, take-up would be key, as it would determine the level of deposit
outflows.
In the latter case, the
issuance of a digital euro would not affect banks? balance sheets, since banks would return euro
banknotes to the Eurosystem in exchange for digital euro.
Banknotes and digital euro are two different
types of central bank liability, so a swap between banknotes and digital euro would only affect the
composition and not the size of the Eurosystem?s balance sheet.
In our analysis, we model only the
substitution of commercial bank deposits with a possible future digital euro.
8
The legislative proposal on a digital euro provides for the inclusion of such safeguards and establishes
specific criteria for the limits, aiming to contain the use of a digital euro as a store of value.
ECB Occasional Paper Series No 346
4

2

The added value of digital euro
safeguards such as holding limits
To understand the benefits of digital euro safeguards, such as holding limits, it
is useful to first consider the implications of introducing a CBDC without
adequate safeguards.
(2022), ?Central bank digital currency and bank intermediation: Exploring different
approaches for assessing the effects of a digital euro on euro area banks?, Occasional Papers, No 293,
European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, May.
deciding to adopt the digital euro, and (ii) the average amount of digital euro in a
wallet.
At the same time, as discussed in this paper, the design of a digital euro would
include effective safeguards, such as individual holding limits, to mitigate
potential financial stability risks.
ECB Occasional Paper Series No 346
15

an upper bound on the amount of digital euro in circulation, thereby addressing and
limiting financial stability concerns associated with the introduction of a digital euro.
(2023), ?A digital euro: gauging the
financial stability implications?, Financial Stability Review, ECB, November.

Airdoc Technology Unveils 2023 Financial Highlights, Revenue by 79%, Serving 6.83 Million cases

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Wednesday, April 10, 2024

Airdoc Technology Unveils 2023 Financial Highlights, Revenue by 79%, Serving 6.83 Million cases

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Airdoc Technology Unveils 2023 Financial Highlights, Revenue by 79%, Serving 6.83 Million cases
On March 27, medical artificial intelligence company Airdoc Technology (2251.
In 2023, through our SaMDs and health risk assessment solutions, we serviced a total of 6.83 million cases and identified 31,459 significant positive cases.
In 2023, Airdoc Medical broadened its reach to include hospitals, grassroots medical institutions such as community clinics, and health examination centers.
In June 2023, Airdoc, in collaboration with Tsinghua University's Chang Gung Hospital, developed and validated a new deep learning-based neovascular segmentation model.

Bellabeat Unveils Next-Gen IVY Health Tracker for Women: A Leap Forward in Advanced Temperature Tracking and Wellness

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Tuesday, March 19, 2024

San Francisco, California--(Newsfile Corp. - March 19, 2024) - In its latest endeavor to revolutionize women's health technology, Bellabeat has launched the new IVY+ Health Tracker.

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San Francisco, California--(Newsfile Corp. - March 19, 2024) - In its latest endeavor to revolutionize women's health technology, Bellabeat has launched the new IVY+ Health Tracker.
It is equipped with a sophisticated temperature tracking feature, marking a significant advancement in menstrual and fertility tracking.
In conjunction with the Bellabeat app, the IVY+ Health Tracker transforms biometric data into actionable wellness insights.
The combination of the IVY+ Health Tracker and the Bellabeat app creates a comprehensive health monitoring experience that extends beyond traditional tracking methods.

Sodexo Launches Massive Expansion of DefaultVeg Pilot, Making Plant-Based Meal Service a Norm at Campus Eateries Across USA

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Thursday, March 14, 2024

Health, University, Partnership, Environmental psychology, Coffee, Harvard University, School, Journal, Sodexo, Food, Stanford University, Pomona College, Student, Generation Z, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lehigh University, Boston College, Meal

DefaultVeg expansion to almost 400 campuses serving 1 million students coincides with a newly published study showing that consistently offering plant-based meals as the default option is highly effective at encouraging students to choose them, cutting greenhouse gas emissions.

Key Points:

The study conducted randomized controlled trials during the DefaultVeg pilot at three universities-Tulane University, Lehigh University, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - with all-you-care-to-eat Sodexo dining halls.
These dining halls alternated between plant-based and meat-based dishes as the default option at one hot entree station.
Better Food Foundation supports students, staff and leaders at universities and other institutions to shift how food is served.
An organization incubated by Better Food Foundation, Greener by Default, provides consulting to providers seeking to implement plant-based nudges.

ProMIS Neurosciences Publishes in the Journal of Biological Chemistry on the Interaction Between Pathogenic Proteins as a Treatment Target for ALS

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Tuesday, April 9, 2024

Toxicity, PMN, MSA, Bioorganic chemistry, ALS, Multiple system atrophy, Zebrafish, SOD1, Neuroscience, Journal, Brain cell, TAR, Protein, Biochemistry, PROMIS, Antibody, Therapy, Vaccine

ProMIS is developing antibodies selectively targeting misfolded forms of TDP-43 and SOD1.

Key Points:

ProMIS is developing antibodies selectively targeting misfolded forms of TDP-43 and SOD1.
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons.
“Publication of these data underscores the connection of misfolded proteins and ALS and supports targeting our TDP-43-specific epitope with PMN267 as a potential therapeutic approach,” stated Neil Warma, Chief Executive Officer of ProMIS Neurosciences.
“PMN267 is advancing through preclinical development and is showing promise as a potential treatment for ALS.