Nanorod

• Do viruses, bacteria and other small things get crushed like an ant when stepped on?
• – Ryan L., age 12, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
  Do viruses, bacteria and other small things get crushed like an ant when stepped on?
• – Ryan L., age 12, Chapel Hill, North Carolina When you step on some things, like a banana, they squish and flatten to the ground.
• But when you step on other things, like a rock, they maintain their shape and aren’t affected.

Forces and pressures

• What happens after that depends on how much force you’re exerting and the properties of the object.
• And if your weight is 110 pounds (50 kilograms), the force you exert per square inch is roughly 3.9 pounds per square inch.
• For comparison, the pressure of the air, or atmospheric pressure, on your body at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch.

Stepping on a microbe

• Scientists have studied the strength of bacterial cell walls for several reasons, including to find out whether high pressure can kill bacteria.
• People in the food industry use high pressure to make food such as milk safe for us to consume.
• While high pressures can kill bacteria in some applications such as food processing, one person standing on them won’t work.

Slipping through the cracks

• But there’s an added complication that makes it even harder to squish bacteria: They’re incredibly small.
• The average bacterium is only about 1 to 5 microns or millionths of a meter (smaller than ten-thousandth of an inch) in size.
• The surface of your skin has fine grooves called sulci cutis that are, on average, tens of microns deep.

Standing on a pin

• One theoretical way would be to change the bottoms of your shoes from flat to very pointy, with the bottom of the point having a diameter as wide as the tip of a pin.
• While walking on these shoes would be impossible, a 110-pound person would exert a pressure of 5.6 million pounds per square inch.
• These needle-like structures are only nanometers in size, a thousand times smaller than most bacteria, and are called nanorods.
• When a bacterium lands on the surface of the cicada wing, it makes special chemicals that help it stick to the surface.

• The global nanomaterials market was valued at $16.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach $62.8 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 14.6% from 2022 to 2031.
• Depending on material type, the market is categorized into carbon based nanomaterials, metal & non-metal oxides, metals based nanomaterials, dendrimers nanomaterials, nanoclay, and nanocellulose.
• This report provides a quantitative analysis of the market segments, current trends, estimations, and dynamics of the nanomaterials market analysis from 2021 to 2031 to identify the prevailing nanomaterials market opportunities.
• The report includes the analysis of the regional as well as global nanomaterials market trends, key players, market segments, application areas, and market growth strategies.

• The "Biosensors Market Size, Market Share, Application Analysis, Regional Outlook, Growth Trends, Key Players, Competitive Strategies and Forecasts, 2022 To 2030" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
• The market for biosensors is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period 2022 to 2030.
• Biosensors that are powered by nanotechnology are fabricated from nanomaterials and have diameters that range from 1 to 100 nanometers.
• When it comes to sensing the mechanism of biosensing technology, these biosensors are an essential component.

• It is used for monitoring biological elements, such as enzymes, nucleic acids, tissues, cell receptors, microorganisms and antibodies.
• Some of the commonly used biosensors include mass, optical, electrochemical, magnetic, nanomechanical, thermometric, acoustic and immunosensors.
• Significant growth in the medical industry across the globe is one of the key factors creating a positive outlook for the market.
• What is the structure of the global biosensors market and who are the key players?