Name | Jotup

Hard work and happy accidents: why do so many of us prefer ‘difficult’ analogue technology?

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Up two flights of stairs, the music machinery on offer includes brands such as Moog and Buchla, as well as modern euro-racks.

Key Points:

Up two flights of stairs, the music machinery on offer includes brands such as Moog and Buchla, as well as modern euro-racks.
(From Michael’s fieldnotes)
I finally locate the legendary Schneiders Buero, a shop selling analogue synthesizers in Berlin’s Kotti neighbourhood.
Up two flights of stairs, the music machinery on offer includes brands such as Moog and Buchla, as well as modern euro-racks.
(From Michael’s fieldnotes) As academics who rarely go a day without playing or making music, we have spent the past decade examining the extraordinary revival of analogue technology.
This means there are now more analogue options available than at any time since the 1970s, the heyday of the modular format.

The appeal of the slow

So we dived in.
Eventually, these forays became our formal research project, which has included visiting record fairs and conventions around the world, going on photowalks and attending listening evenings, and meeting an array of diehard analogue communities both on and off line.

The team is working with academics from different backgrounds who have been engaged in projects aimed at tackling societal and scientific challenges.
And we expect interest in such experiences to rise exponentially in coming years.
Recognising our existential need to occasionally slow down can be the basis for winning consumer strategies.
Recognising our existential need to occasionally slow down can be the basis for winning consumer strategies.

Saved from demolition

Rather than nostalgia, they are turning to film because of its aesthetic values and a greater sense of creative control over their photos.
In response, venerable brands including Kodak, Polaroid and Leica have re-emerged – in some cases, almost from the dead.
We literally saved it from demolition at the very last second in 2008.
We literally saved it from demolition at the very last second in 2008.
He said luxury brands such as Gucci are particularly keen on using film photography as this gives their promotional material a different look.

Work, effort, meaning

When it was conceded that digital probably was better for wildlife photography, James cut in:
That’s to miss the point!
The sound might be better but you miss seeing the work that went into the performance, the effort of the players and their crew.
Work, effort, meaning – these ideas are all interconnected for users and consumers of analogue technology.
However, when asked to compare the two, they talk about the greater weight and meaning they give to their analogue experiences.
I think it is the quality of the human voice; it does feel more like someone’s speaking to me.

And part of what makes this possible is the process of analogue recording, in which all the sounds being made, including the unscripted noise of the recording process itself, are captured in the final track.
To facilitate this sound, some musicians have even started setting up their own pressing plants, such as Jack White’s Third Man Pressing in Detroit.

The joy of happy accidents

Half of what you do trying to make music is like a happy accident that ends up sounding better than what you intended.
When we started, we didn’t have that technology, so we made mistakes and some of them were happy accidents, resulting in iconic tracks.
When we started, we didn’t have that technology, so we made mistakes and some of them were happy accidents, resulting in iconic tracks.
It’s these happy accidents that we love.
It’s these happy accidents that we love.
For example, the opening bass part of Cannonball, the 1993 song by US Indie band the Breeders, accidentally starts in a different key.
Bass player Josephine Wiggs began playing the riff one step down, then fixed it when the drums came in.

Digital technology is de-skilling us

Over the decade or so of our research, explanations for the analogue revival have shifted from nostalgia, to the desire for something physical in a digital age, to the sense that analogue technology is creatively preferable.
Is digital technology de-skilling consumers, leading to a sense of alienation?
Using analogue technology is another way consumers can feed this desire to re-skill.
Rob told us how his love of music had turned sour with the “sheer ease” of digital, starting with CDs and the MP3 player – and how vinyl had reinvigorated him.
For him, the problem came when listening on digital devices without the “sides” of vinyl albums, and then on music streaming platforms whose digital algorithms preference popular tracks.

‘This song sucks’

These are the people who want to stretch and break the rules and trigger the happy accidents that create something altogether new.
For example, photographers who seek more creative expressions by pre-soaking or “souping” their camera film in lemon juice, coffee, beer, or even burning it.
And among this group, connecting digital and analogue technology is also common – combining two completely different systems to generate even more possibilities.
Film director Denis Villeneuve’s first instalment of Dune (2021) was initially shot on digital, then transferred to film, before being re-digitised.
By combining the two, Villeneuve got a film that, in his words, has a “more timeless, painterly feel”.

For you: more from our Insights series:
How music heals us, even when it’s sad – by a neuroscientist leading a new study of musical therapy

The artist formerly known as Camille – Prince’s lost album ‘comes out’

Beatrix Potter’s famous tales are rooted in stories told by enslaved Africans – but she was very quiet about their origins

To hear about new Insights articles, join the hundreds of thousands of people who value The Conversation’s evidence-based news. Subscribe to our newsletter.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Beauty giant Sephora has returned to the UK after nearly 20 years – by betting on AI and gen Z

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Attention, Boot, Algorithm, Beauty, Emily Weiss, Name, Social media, Paraben, Artificial intelligence, AI, Dior, Cult Beauty, Generation, LVMH, Generation Z, Stitch Fix, Superdrug, Marketing, Cosmetics

Sephora, the French multinational retailer of personal care and beauty products, has made a comeback to the UK after an 18-year hiatus.

Key Points:

Sephora, the French multinational retailer of personal care and beauty products, has made a comeback to the UK after an 18-year hiatus.
Back in 2005, Sephora decided to close its UK stores due to market challenges and fierce competition from homegrown retailers like Boots and Superdrug.
Sephora launched its online store in the UK in 2022 after acquiring Feelunique, a British online retailer.

The power of AI

Another factor that may have influenced Sephora’s decision is the growing power of artificial intelligence (AI) in the beauty industry.
Sephora has been at the forefront of this trend, leveraging AI to offer personalised skincare routines, virtual makeup try-on, and product recommendations based on individual preferences and skin types.
By harnessing the power of AI, Sephora may be able to provide a more engaging and tailored shopping experience to its UK customers.
The use of AI in beauty and fashion retail is a growing trend, with many companies recognising its potential to transform the shopping experience.

Back for good?

The retailer has been opening new stores in various regions, including China, Russia and the Middle East.
This international growth strategy could have given Sephora the confidence and resources to tackle the UK market once again.
But its return to the UK market after nearly 20 years is a bold move that reflects the changing dynamics of the beauty industry.

Nisreen Ameen does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

‘We have thousands of Modis’: the secret behind the BJP’s enduring success in India

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

These two factors will be key to delivering the BJP a likely third consecutive victory in the Indian general election, starting today.

Key Points:

These two factors will be key to delivering the BJP a likely third consecutive victory in the Indian general election, starting today.
As part of my research on members of right-wing populist parties, I’ve conducted interviews with dozens of BJP party members and officials.
(They spoke to me on condition of anonymity, so are only represented by their first initial here).

A well-oiled campaign machine

Maintaining a large membership-based organisation provides the BJP with a campaign machine that has no equal in India.
The focus of this organisation is on the polling booth.
Each booth has ten women, and each woman is allotted 15 houses where they roam around for about three days [before election day].
The BJP is effectively engaging in micro-campaigning on a nationwide scale, and so gaining a significant advantage in mobilising voters.

Training members in Hindu nationalism

In addition, the BJP is the Indian party with the most well-defined ideological platform, which combines fervent Hindu nationalism with right-wing populism based on religious polarisation.
Its grassroots organisation enables the BJP to socialise and train its members in this ideology.
My research on both BJP party voters and members shows how these people hold right-wing populist attitudes and worldviews that closely match the party’s platform.
In the case of grassroots members, these ideologies are ingrained through an extensive training network.

Bringing welfare to the poor

Alongside Hindu nationalism, the expansion of welfare to hundreds of millions of low-income earners is another reason why Modi is so popular.
He always makes sure to put the words “prime minister” before the names of welfare programs and print his face on handouts.
When it comes to welfare program implementation, however, it is BJP party members who do the heavy lifting.
According to my interviews, this was the main activity of party members, whether in the form of cleaning the streets, distributing food or setting up bank accounts for the poor.

Party survival is a priority

Finally, the extensive grassroots party organisation enables the BJP to thrive by providing a steady source of candidates, officials and leaders.
Members affirmed that the BJP, contrary to other parties, is meritocratic when it comes to the distribution of offices.
As N., a Marathi car shop owner, explained:
The BJP is not dominated by one family.
Maintaining a large membership also facilitates the BJP’s survival in the long run.

Sofia Ammassari does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Draft revised Heads of Medicines Agency / European Medicines Agency guidance document on the identification of personal data and commercially confidential information within the structure of the marketing authorisation application dossier

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Steps, Union, Patient, CTD, Syndrome, CCI, Local, Disclosure, Toxicity, Process validation, MAH, Clinical trial, IP, RMP, Pharmacovigilance, Cell, Legislation, Annex, Trial of the century, Escherichia coli, Safety, Pediatrics, INTRODUCTION, Documentation, Prevalence, Vital signs, Tablet, Design, Transparency, Conclusion, Pip, Analysis, European Parliament, INN, Record, Quality, Generic, Biology, CMO, Genotoxicity, Composition, CTIS, Uncontrolled, Health care, European Medicines Agency, Prejudice, Committee, Policy, HCP, Animal, Characterization, Cell bank, Fertility, IRB, CMOS, Risk management, Private law, European Pharmacopoeia, Telephone, Research, Good, Data Protection Directive, Ampere-hour, IEC, QP, Human, Personal data, Labelling, Bibliography, Figure, MAA, R4, Institutional review board, Elucidation, Marketing, M4, ChromeOS, Contract research organization, Mental, Impairment, Toxicokinetics, NCA, Independent, Metabolite, Drug, Risk, Metabolism, GMO, Organ, EMA, Common Technical Document, General Data Protection Regulation, Confidentiality, PPD, PI, Language, DRUG, Privacy, Result, Claimed, Medication, Comparison, Ethics, Drive, PD, Narrative, EEA, Developmental toxicity, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pharmacopoeia, PIP, MCB, HMA, Physical chemistry, Midol, Particle size, Council, GCP, European Economic Area, Draft, Fermentation, Overview, Justification, Control, Dicarboxylic acid, Pharmacology, WCB, Expert, Immunogenicity, Data, Study, Publication, European, ICH, Element, Analytical procedures (finance auditing), Name, Common, Guideline, Exceptional circumstances, ID, Liver, Chin Na, Toxicology, Protein primary structure, Immunosuppressive drug, Vaccine

See websites for contact details

Key Points:

See websites for contact details
Heads of Medicines Agencies www.hma.eu
European Medicines Agency www.ema.europa.eu
11

Table of contents

12

Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 3

13

Definitions ................................................................................................... 4

14

1.
redaction, masking,
68

hiding) in such a manner that the recipient can no longer attribute the resulting information to a data

69

subject and make it identifiable.
81
Contract Manufacturing Organisation (CMO): shall mean an arrangement under which a

82

manufacturer provides upstream manufacturing services under contract on behalf of third-party

83

pharmaceutical companies.
94
Protected Personal Data (PPD): shall mean any personal data which should be protected from

95

disclosure.
?Finalised? shall mean that the marketing
102

authorisation (MA) has been granted or refused or that the MAA has been withdrawn.
The application of the general principles laid down in this guidance is without prejudice to
106

national rules on transparency.
The guidance should be read in conjunction with the relevant applicable
107

legislation and case law on transparency and data protection.
117
This guidance document is intended to apply to information/documents on medicinal products for

118

human use, for which the procedure has been finalised under the national, mutual recognition,

119

decentralised and centralised procedures.
Third
124

parties shall be informed or consulted as needed depending on respective national and European legal

125

frameworks.
140
In the following sections, the agreed principles on PD and CCI are presented, including guidance on

141

whether such information can be disclosed.
EMA/131365/2024
Page 5/50

142

Any information identified as PD or CCI must be subject to a preliminary review by the EMA/NCA prior

143

to the possible disclosure of the information/documents.
Principles on the protection of personal data (PD)
145

The protection of PD is enshrined in EU legislation; it is a fundamental right of EU citizens.
In
146

compliance with the applicable European/national legislation, PD should be anonymised in order to

147

avoid the disclosure of the document undermining the privacy and integrity of any individual.
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which PD elements are to be
152

removed from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
are included in the MAA dossier because they have a legally
164

defined role or responsibility and it is in the public interest to disclose this data.
168
Applicants are advised that non-essential information (e.g., personal address, personal phone number)

169

should not be included in the MAA dossier.
The
183

confidentiality of records that could identify subjects should be protected, respecting the privacy and

184

confidentiality rules in accordance with the applicable regulatory requirement(s).
185
The applicant remains responsible for compliance with the relevant legislation in cases where such data

186

is inadvertently included in the MAA dossier.
188
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which personal data elements need to be removed

189

from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
194
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which personal data elements need to be removed

195

from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
205
Any proposal to consider information as commercially confidential should be properly justified by the

206

owner of the information.
In this respect, any reference(s) to the risk of that interest being
209

undermined should be foreseeable and not purely hypothetical.
210
Information that is already in the public domain is not considered to be commercially confidential.
Information on the Quality and Manufacturing of medicines
226

A general principle regarding quality and manufacturing information is that detailed information could

227

be considered commercially confidential but general information should be disclosed.
234
In general, and if not in the public domain, the names of manufacturers or suppliers of the active

235

substance or the excipients are considered commercially confidential.
248
A general description of the type of test methods used and the appropriateness of the specification is

249

not commercially confidential.
General information on the fermentation and purification process
259

is not commercially confidential, although details including operating parameters and specific material

260

requirements are commercially confidential.
273
A general description of the type of test methods used and the appropriateness of the specification is

274

not commercially confidential.
In general, the data included in clinical trial study reports is considered to be data that can be
283

disclosed once PD has been anonymised.
338
In each module, a non-exhaustive list of information that may be considered protected personal data (PPD) or commercially confidential information

332
333

339

(CCI) is included.
?
Direct contact details such as telephone

Therefore, please refer to the appropriate sub-

number, fax number, email, postal address,

modules hereafter for guidance.
?
Information that may reveal strategic
(contractual) agreements

?

Any quality information on the clinical batches

principal investigator

that might be included here (such as e.g.
?
Information that may reveal strategic
(contractual) agreements

principal investigator

Study Reports
5.3.3.3

as the evaluation of new formulation, innovative

number, fax number, email, postal

Paediatric Development Plan (PIP), etc.
This may include taking into
More Than One Study
5.3.5.4

Other Clinical Study Reports

5.3.6

Reports of Post-Marketing
Experience

5.3.7

Direct identifiers such as name,
signature, contact details, etc.

Draft template for assessment report for the development of European herbal monographs and European Union list entries - Revision 6

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

The completed comments form should be sent to

Key Points:

The completed comments form should be sent to
[email protected]
10
11
Keywords
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products; HMPC; European Union herbal
monographs; European Union list of herbal substances, preparations and
combinations thereof for use in traditional herbal medicinal products; herbal
medicinal products; traditional herbal medicinal products; traditional use;
well-established medicinal use; benefit-risk assessment; assessment report

12

1
2

Changes introduced in section 6 Overall conclusions.
Peer-reviewer

If not the same peer-reviewer
since last version, all peerreviewers should be listed, and
the version specified in
brackets.
22

23

on
.
It is a working
24

document, not yet edited, and shall be further developed after the release for consultation of the

25

.
The principle of the template is to make clear
distinctions between presentation of data (methodology and results)
and the assessment of the data (?assessor?s comment?).
likely from an article but it seems it is concluded by
the rapporteur; ?According to the author? to be added.
Chapters with
a heading including the word ?conclusion? should include a summary
of all critical assessment of the assessor for that particular
chapter.
If an assessor?s comment is not needed, the Rapporteur
should delete the box inserted in the template.
?
The report should be sufficiently detailed to allow for secondary
assessment of the available data by other HMPC experts.
Overview of available pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal
preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof ........................................................... 16
97
98

3.3.
Overall conclusions on clinical pharmacology and efficacy ........................................ 27
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005

Page 4/41

119

5.
This sections is related to
available quality standards and there is no need to repeat information
on all preparations included in the monograph.
Search and assessment methodology
161

The Rapporteur shall undertake a comprehensive search of relevant
scientific literature and articles, Acts of law and regulations and
other relevant sources.
Cross-reference to the list of
references in Annex, which should list separately the references
supporting the assessment report.
143
144
145
150
151
152
153
154

162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175

Herbal substance(s)

Herbal preparation(s)

Relevant constituents for this assessment report

Examples of scientific databases to be searched are Medline, PubMed,
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE etc.
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 6/41

176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192

Additional relevant references could also be retrieved from the checked
references.
Examples of books are Hagers Handbuch, The Complete German
Commission E Monographs, PDR for herbal medicines etc.
In addition, information from non-EU regulatory
authorities for examples Health Canada monographs or WHO monographs
could be searched, if relevant to herbal substances and preparations in
EU.
221
225
226
227

232

When the assessment report is revised, the rapporteur should briefly
summarise the main changes under this section.
Data are collected using the template entitled ?Document
for information exchange for the preparation of the assessment report
for the development of European Union monographs and for inclusion of
herbal substance(s), preparation(s) or combinations thereof in the
list? (EMEA/HMPC/137093/2006).
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 8/41

Herbal substance/

Indication

Posology and
method of

preparation

administration

Posology, age
groups,
pharmaceutical
form, method of
administration,
duration of use
As reported in
the market
overview

As reported in
the market
overview

As reported in
the market
overview.
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 10/41

Herbal substance/

Indication/Medicinal

Posology and

preparation

use

method of
administration

Posology, age
groups,
pharmaceutical
form, method of
administration,
duration of use

Regulatory Status

Type of
regulatory
status where
possible, date,
Country

287

This overview is not exhaustive.
Clinical Safety/Pharmacovigilance
836
837
838
839
840
841

See ?Assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the preparation of
EU herbal monographs for well-established and traditional herbal
medicinal products?(EMA/HMPC/104613/2005) for further details.
Overall conclusions on clinical safety
1067

1068

In terms of structure, the conclusion should follow the presentation of
the results above.
Overall conclusions
1092

1093

1101

Describe key aspects only briefly, these will already have been
described in detail in the respective sections.
This section should
cover all recommended ?well-established use? and ?traditional use?
indications and conclusions shall be provided for each therapeutic
indication and each herbal preparation.
1102
Well established use monograph

1103
1104

The clinical studies supporting well-established use should be
specified for each therapeutic indication and each herbal preparation.
The choice for the wording of traditional use indications vis-?vis existing wordings in monographs in the same therapeutic area should
be briefly discussed/justified.
1153
List entry

1154

The conclusions should include a statement pointing to the
possibility/non-possibility to support a European Union list entry.

Proposed FTC Order will Prohibit Telehealth Firm Cerebral from Using or Disclosing Sensitive Data for Advertising Purposes, and Require it to Pay $7 Million

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Key Points:

Proposed FTC Order will Prohibit Telehealth Firm Cerebral from Using or Disclosing Sensitive Data for Advertising Purposes, and Require it to Pay $7 Million

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

The order must be approved by the court before it can go into effect.

Key Points:

The order must be approved by the court before it can go into effect.
“As the Commission’s complaint lays out, Cerebral violated its customers’ privacy by revealing their most sensitive mental health conditions across the Internet and in the mail,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan.
“To address this betrayal, the Commission is ordering a first-of-its-kind prohibition that bans Cerebral from using any health information for most advertising purposes."
Cerebral provides online mental health and related services on a negative option basis, which means consumers are automatically charged unless they cancel those services.

Despite promising that consumers could “cancel anytime,” Cerebral required its clients to navigate a complex, multi-step, and often multi-day process to cancel.
The complaint alleges that the company continued to charge consumers while it slow-walked consumers’ cancellation requests, which cost consumers millions in additional charges.
The proposed order, which must be approved by a federal court before it can go into effect, only applies to Cerebral.

The Commission voted 3-0 to refer the complaint against Cerebral and Robertson and a stipulated final order with Cerebral to the Department of Justice for filing.
The DOJ filed the complaint and stipulated order in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Housing association reprimanded for exposing personal information on online portal

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Name, ICO, Housing, Blog, Anti-social behaviour

We have issued a reprimand to Clyde Valley Housing Association in Lanarkshire after personal information was accessible to other residents on an online customer portal.

Key Points:

We have issued a reprimand to Clyde Valley Housing Association in Lanarkshire after personal information was accessible to other residents on an online customer portal.
The resident called a customer service advisor at Clyde Valley Housing Association to flag the breach, but their concerns were not escalated, and the personal information remained accessible for five days.
This breach was the result of a clear oversight by Clyde Valley Housing Association when preparing to launch its new customer portal.
We previously issued a blog reminding housing organisations of their obligations under data protection law and providing practical steps to support them to process and share residents’ personal information lawfully.

Clyde Valley Housing Association

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Name

Clyde Valley Housing Association have received the following reprimand because of an infringement that occurred in July 2022 when they released a new customer portal.

Key Points:

Clyde Valley Housing Association have received the following reprimand because of an infringement that occurred in July 2022 when they released a new customer portal.
This portal included personal data of data subjects and residents found they were able to view personal information such as names and addresses about other residents.
A resident reported this to Clyde Valley Housing Association, however this concern was not escalated appropriately which led to data remaining viewable on the portal for a further 5 days until further residents reported the issue and Clyde Valley Housing Association suspended the portal.

PFAS ‘forever chemicals’: Why EPA set federal drinking water limits for these health-harming contaminants

Retrieved on:

Wednesday, April 10, 2024

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now believes there is no safe level for two common PFAS – PFOA and PFOS – in drinking water, and it acknowledges that very low concentrations of other PFAS present human health risks.

Key Points:

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now believes there is no safe level for two common PFAS – PFOA and PFOS – in drinking water, and it acknowledges that very low concentrations of other PFAS present human health risks.
The agency issued the first legally enforceable national drinking water standards for five common types of PFAS chemicals, as well as PFAS mixtures, on April 10, 2024.

What exactly are PFAS?

This is a large group of human-made chemicals – currently estimated to be nearly 15,000 individual chemical compounds – that are used widely in consumer products and industry.
They can make products resistant to water, grease and stains and protect against fire.

The short answer is that PFAS are harmful to human health and the environment.
Some of the very same chemical properties that make PFAS attractive in products also mean these chemicals will persist in the environment for generations.
The U.S. Geological Survey estimates common types of PFAS are now in at least 45% of the country’s tap water.

What are the health risks from PFAS exposure?

Research consistently demonstrates that PFAS are associated with a variety of adverse health effects.
A review by a panel of experts looking at research on PFAS toxicity concluded with a high degree of certainty that PFAS contribute to thyroid disease, elevated cholesterol, liver damage, and kidney and testicular cancer.

Additionally, current research suggests that babies exposed prenatally are at higher risk of experiencing obesity, early-onset puberty and reduced fertility later in life.
Collectively, this is a formidable list of diseases and disorders.

Who’s regulating PFAS?

DuPont called it Teflon, which eventually became a household name for its use on nonstick pans.
Decades later, in 1998, Scotchgard maker 3M notified the Environmental Protection Agency that a PFAS chemical was showing up in human blood samples.
At the time, 3M said low levels of the manufactured chemical had been detected in people’s blood as early as the 1970s.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has a toxicological profile for PFAS.

How can you reduce your PFAS exposure?

The best ways to protect yourself and your family from risks associated with PFAS are to educate yourself about potential sources of exposure.
Products labeled as water- or stain-resistant have a good chance of containing PFAS.
Strategies for monitoring and reporting PFAS contamination vary by location and PFAS source, so the absence of readily available information does not necessarily mean the region is free of PFAS problems.

Kathryn Crawford receives funding from National Institutes of Health and US Geological Survey.