Quantum theory

• The " Global Quantum Computing Market Size By Offering, By Application, By End-User, By Geographic Scope And Forecast " report has been published by Verified Market Research®.
• The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global Quantum Computing Market, including its growth prospects, market trends, and market challenges.
• The Quantum Computing market is embarking on an era of revolutionary transformation, reshaping computing paradigms across various sectors.
• Key Players in Quantum Computing Market:
  Driving the Quantum Computing revolution are key players at the forefront of innovation:

• While Oppenheimer will always be recognized as the father of the atomic bomb, his early contributions to quantum mechanics form the bedrock of modern quantum chemistry.
• As a physical chemist, Oppenheimer’s work on molecular quantum mechanics plays a major role in both my teaching and my research.

The Born-Oppenheimer approximation

• This paper outlined what is commonly referred to as the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
• The Born-Oppenheimer approximation offers a way to simplify the complex problem of describing molecules at the atomic level.
• This approximation may seem like a minor adjustment, but the Born-Oppenheimer approximation goes far beyond just simplifying quantum mechanics calculations on molecules.
• These models are a direct consequence of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
• The Born-Oppenheimer approximation also influenced how scientists think about chemical reactions.

Computational quantum chemistry

• This field, known as computational quantum chemistry, has grown exponentially with the widespread availability of faster, more powerful high-end computational resources.
• Currently, chemists use computational quantum chemistry for various applications ranging from discovering novel pharmaceuticals to designing better photovoltaics before ever trying to produce them in the lab.
• In the future, a new era of quantum computers could make computational quantum chemistry even more robust by performing faster computations on increasingly large molecular systems.

• The European Space Agency’s (Esa) Euclid mission will launch into space on a Falcon9 rocket from SpaceX on July 1, or soon after.
• But it will also be able to test some strange, alternative models of gravity – potentially challenging Albert Einstein’s great theory of general relativity.
• As this matter wasn’t shining in the same way as the visible galaxies, it was dubbed dark matter.
• On these scales, there are some alternative models of gravity that can explain galaxy rotation curves without assuming there’s any dark matter.
• Therefore, astronomical observations of galaxy clusters remain our best option for testing the various theories that can explain dark matter.

Dark energy and gravity

• Dark matter is potentially easy to understand compared to dark energy, which was proposed to explain the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating – at odds with the prediction from Einstein’s theory of gravity.
• This strange substance is vexing to physicists and cosmologists, with the simplest idea being that dark energy is just the energy of empty space (“vacuum energy”).
• As with dark matter, an alternative explanation for dark energy is that it isn’t really a substance or form of energy at all, but again a sign that gravity is behaving differently on the largest scales.
• The challenge for all these alternative gravity models is to work together, for both dark matter and dark energy.
• This is the first time we’ve had a satellite dedicated to mapping dark matter and dark energy.

• The enigma at the centre of our research throughout this period was how the Big Bang could have created conditions so perfectly hospitable to life.
• Our answer is being published in a new book, On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking’s Final Theory.
• Questions about the ultimate origin of the cosmos, or universe, take physics out of its comfort zone.
• The prospect — or hope — to crack the riddle of cosmic design drove much of Hawking’s research in cosmology.
• “To boldly go where Star Trek fears to tread” was his motto – and also his screen saver.

Turning cosmology inside out

• Yes, Hawking and I found out, but only by relinquishing the idea, inherent in multiverse cosmology, that our physical theories can take a God’s-eye view, as if standing outside the entire cosmos.
• It is an obvious and seemingly tautological point: cosmological theory must account for the fact that we exist within the universe.
• “Our theories are never decoupled from us.” We set out to rethink cosmology from an observer’s perspective.
• This required adopting the strange rules of quantum mechanics, which governs the microworld of particles and atoms.
• The upshot is a profound revision of the fundamentals of cosmology.

The trouble with time

• This view is especially borne out of the holographic form of our theory.
• Hawking and I view time and causality as “emergent qualities”, having no prior existence but arising from the interactions between countless quantum particles.
• It’s a bit like how temperature emerges from many atoms moving collectively, even though no single atom has temperature.
• For almost a century, we have studied the origin of the universe against the stable background of immutable laws of nature.