The Lotus Sutra − an ancient Buddhist scripture from the 3rd century − continues to have relevance today
Historically, these religions were often more accepting of varied gender identities before colonialism imposed binary gender as a universal concept.
- Historically, these religions were often more accepting of varied gender identities before colonialism imposed binary gender as a universal concept.
- One such text is the Lotus Sutra, one of the most popular Buddhist scriptures in East Asia.
- The Lotus Sutra conveys its message of universal Buddhahood in several stories that depict transformations between male and female bodies.
The dragon girl’s gender transformation
- To understand the story of the dragon girl, it is important to understand how Buddhas’ bodies were defined as masculine in early Buddhism.
- All of these Buddhas are said to possess 32 marks that distinguished their bodies from regular bodies.
- One of these marks was a sheathed penis, which meant that Buddha bodies were male by definition.
- How then could your female body attain Buddhahood so quickly?” However, the dragon girl proves Shariputra wrong by instantly attaining Buddhahood, transforming her young, female, nonhuman body into the male body of a Buddha.
- Women in premodern East Asia found inspiration in the dragon girl’s story because it showed that their own female bodies were not barriers to enlightenment.
The bodhisattva’s gender fluidity
- A bodhisattva is an advanced spiritual being who postpones enlightenment to help people in the world.
- Indian Buddhist texts described Avalokiteshvara as male, but in China people came to see Avalokiteshvara as female.
- Though scholars have not found one single explanation for this transformation, the Lotus Sutra passage offers justification for Avalokiteshvara’s gender fluidity.
The Lotus Sutra and transgender inspiration
- Due to the Lotus Sutra, Avalokiteshvara has become an inspiration and icon for transgender, gender-fluid and nonbinary people in and beyond East Asia.
- A blog post from Taiwan quotes from the Lotus Sutra in describing Avalokiteshvara as a nonbinary figure who transcends any single gender identity.
- Despite these objections, more and more people have found inspiration in Avalokiteshvara as a transgender, nonbinary or gender-fluid figure.
Megan Bryson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.