James Webb Space Telescope

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• The planets in the HD 110067 system revolve around the star in a precise orbital pattern.
• When the closest planet to the star makes 3 full revolutions, the second one makes exactly 2 during the same period.
• Among the over 5500 exoplanets discovered so far, it is not uncommon to discover several planets orbiting a star.
• Rapetti's code was the game changer in enabling the research team to complete this discovery, confirming a six-planet resonance chain.

• Now a large group of astronomers from all over the world is building the biggest optical telescope ever – the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) — in Chile.
• Once construction is completed in 2028, it could provide answers that transform our knowledge of the universe.
• With its 39-metre diameter primary mirror, the ELT will contain the largest, most perfect reflecting surface ever made.

Alien life

• The ELT may also offer an answer to the most fundamental question of all: are we alone in the universe?
• Occupying the so-called Goldilocks zone, these Earth-like planets will orbit their star at just the right distance for water to neither boil nor freeze – providing the conditions for life to exist.

• To learn if life is likely to exist on an exoplanet, astronomers must complement imaging with spectroscopy.
• While images reveal shape, size and structure, spectra tell us about the speed, temperature and even the chemistry of astronomical objects.
• For giant exoplanets, the Harmoni instrument will analyse light that has travelled through their atmospheres, looking for the signs of water, oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide and other gases that indicate the existence of life.
• From previous satellite missions, astronomers already have a good idea of where to look in the sky for exoplanets.

• Tiny shifts in the positions of these features — around 1/10,000th of a pixel on the Andes sensor — may, over months and years, reveal the periodic wobbles.
• This scale will remain constant over decades, mitigating the measurement errors that occur from environmental changes in temperature and pressure.
• It is only by looking far outside our Solar System that we can gain a perspective beyond the here and now.

Derryck Reid receives funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).

• Early universe observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) cannot be explained by current cosmological models.
• These models estimate the universe to be 13.8 billion years in age, based on the big-bang expanding universe concept.

Frequency and distance

• The redshift of light is similar to the Doppler effect on sound: noises appear to have higher frequency (pitch) when approaching, and lower when receding.
• Redshift, a lower light frequency, indicates when an object is receding from us; the larger the galaxy distance, the higher the recessional speed and redshift.
• An alternative explanation for the redshift was due to the Doppler effect: distant galaxies are receding from us at speeds proportional to their distance, indicating that the universe is expanding.

Limitations of previous models

• Research published last year proposed to resolve the impossible early galaxy problem using the tired light model.
• However, tired light cannot satisfactorily explain other cosmological observations like supernovae redshifts and uniformity of the cosmic microwave background.
• As with any model, it will need to provide a satisfactory explanation for all those observations that are satisfied by the standard cosmological model.

Mixing models

• The approach of mixing two models to explain new observations is not new.
• Albert Einstein resurrected the particle-like nature of light to explain the photoelectric effect — that light has dual characteristics: particle-like in some observations and wave-like in others.
• Einstein believed that the universe is the same observed from any point at any time — homogeneous, isotropic and timeless.

New information

• To defend the standard big-bang model, astronomers have tried to resolve the problem by compressing the timeline for forming massive stars and primordial black holes accreting mass at unphysically high rates.
• However, a consensus is developing towards new physics to explain these JWST observations.