Language | Jotup

Are 2 mid-career AFL retirements a sign Australian athletes are taking brain health more seriously?

Retrieved on:

Friday, April 19, 2024

The 24-year-old’s seemingly sudden retirement, following Angus Brayshaw’s in February and a number of other high-profile footballers in recent years, signals a shift in how athletes view brain trauma risks in sport.

Key Points:

The 24-year-old’s seemingly sudden retirement, following Angus Brayshaw’s in February and a number of other high-profile footballers in recent years, signals a shift in how athletes view brain trauma risks in sport.
Rather than downplaying or ignoring the potential damage being done to their health by a career filled with brain trauma, some athletes are now choosing to end their careers early.

Why do athletes risk their brains?

For decades, sports have fostered a win-at-all-costs culture, with a pseudo-military flavour of sacrifice and duty to one’s teammates.
This has given rise to athletes ignoring or downplaying injuries whenever possible to continue the game.
Media commentators also celebrate athletes who return to the field after sickening collisions as “courageous”, having “no fear”, or “gaining respect from teammates and opposition”.

A shift in attitude?

Murphy’s retirement and acknowledgement of his long-term brain health is one sign the culture of valorising injury and risk may be changing.
But there is other evidence of a shift.
Australian research shows risky attitudes and behaviours toward concussion have begun to dissipate over recent years.
However, a 2021 follow-up study, using the same survey in a separate group, showed significant improvements towards concussion.

Are more retirements to come?

In the meantime, the current group of athletes – professionals and amateurs alike – must weigh up the costs of participation in high contact games.
It’s in the best interests for the longevity of these sports – and the athletes we love to cheer on.

Alan is a non-executive unpaid director for the Concussion Legacy Foundation.
He has previously received funding from Erasmus+ strategic partnerships program (2019-1-IE01-KA202-051555), Sports Health Check Charity (Australia), Australian Football League, Impact Technologies Inc., and Samsung Corporation, and is remunerated for expert advice to medico-legal practices.

The UK is poorer without Erasmus – it’s time to rejoin the European exchange programme

Retrieved on:

Friday, April 19, 2024

Education, University, Learning, Communication, Empathy, International, Research, United, Student, Language, Hand, Tourism

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the Erasmus+ scheme – a reciprocal exchange process that let UK students study at European universities, and European students come to the UK – is again under the spotlight.

Key Points:

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the Erasmus+ scheme – a reciprocal exchange process that let UK students study at European universities, and European students come to the UK – is again under the spotlight.
The scope of the Turing scheme is more narrow, as it focuses on outbound mobility from the UK rather than reciprocal exchanges.
Participating in international exchange programmes offers a plethora of benefits, ranging from personal growth to academic enrichment and professional development.
I can attest to its profound role in shaping well-rounded individuals equipped with the skills to thrive in today’s interconnected world.

Benefits on both sides

There are many benefits enjoyed by students participating in international exchange programmes.
But welcoming international exchange students to UK campuses also offers huge advantages to universities and broader society.
International exchange students bring with them unique perspectives, skills and experiences that enrich the learning environment for everyone.
Language learning and international mobility go hand in hand in fostering essential qualities such as curiosity, empathy and effective communication.

Halting decline

The ongoing decline in language learning in the UK is concerning.
Academics and teachers are trying to address this and have been creating initiatives to re-think how we approach language teaching.
To truly ensure equitable access to language learning, further investment is needed, coupled with a renewed commitment to international mobility.

Sascha Stollhans is affiliated with the Linguistics in Modern Foreign Languages project. The related research mentioned in the article was funded by Language Acts and Worldmaking, part of the Arts and Humanities Research Council's Open World Research Initiative, an Impact Accelerator Grant from the University of Bristol and a Research Start-up Grant from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Newcastle University.

Friend breakups: why they can sometimes feel as bad as falling out of love

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Research, Depression, Friends, Marriage, Woman, Caregiver, Shock, Tongue, Mental health, Learning, Anxiety, Life, Quarterlife, Pain, Language, Optimism, Rib, Family, Emotion, Parent, Nightclub

Though we tend to think of bad breakups as the end of romantic relationships, losing a friend – especially one who has been close to you – can be just as hard.

Key Points:

Though we tend to think of bad breakups as the end of romantic relationships, losing a friend – especially one who has been close to you – can be just as hard.
In a recent session of a personal development group I run, several participants in their 20s and 30s got talking about being dumped by a friend.
Most thought things were okay, then received a long text in which the friend explained they were unhappy and wanted no further contract.
This is part of our genetic design, readying us to grow up and build adult lives independent of our parents.

This article is part of Quarter Life, a series about issues affecting those of us in our 20s and 30s.
The articles in this series explore the questions and bring answers as we navigate this turbulent period of life.
Research shows that the most common method of ending a friendship is by avoidance – not addressing the issues involved.

Why friendships break up

A serious romantic relationship or starting a family means the time and focus given to the friendship will naturally decrease.
Friendships don’t have to end over changes like this, if you can try to empathise with what your friend is going through rather than judging them or taking it personally.
Long friendships will naturally go through fluctuations, so it’s normal if sometimes you feel closer and other times further apart.

This can cause your feelings of closeness to suffer.
Even worse, the friend could try to make you feel bad about yourself – guilt-tripping you for developing other relationships or interests.

How to cope

You can help yourself get through such waves by practising diaphragmatic breathing, which is evidenced to reduce stress.
Discussing the situation with someone else can help, and might allow you to see what you can learn from it.
When coping with any type of breakup, traits of resilience (optimism, self-esteem and grit) will help you adapt.

Sonja Falck does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Why universities shouldn’t mark down international students for using non-standard English

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Language, Student, Education, Thought, Travel, Singapore English, Research, University, Government, Vocabulary, Management

This process has created not one English, spoken around the globe, but many Englishes.

Key Points:

This process has created not one English, spoken around the globe, but many Englishes.
This has implications for universities that teach in English, and may have many non-native English speakers as students.
Universities and lecturers should consider what their approach should be to marking work written in non-native or non-standard varieties of English.

Hierarchies of English

For some, native speaker English is still seen as the “correct” variety, with native speakers seen as holding sole authority on how the language should be spoken.
Even within England, regional dialects may be seen as inferior to “standard” English.

In our current research, we focus on a specific world English – China English.
While based on standard English, China English has its own specific and identifiable use of grammar and vocabulary, which is predictable and systematic.
China English has its own expressions, such as “paper tiger”, meaning something that appears powerful but is in fact weak.
This predictability distinguishes China English from “Chinglish”, which refers to translation errors from a Chinese language (usually Mandarin) into English.

Nothing to disclose Alexander Baratta and Paul Vincent Smith do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

The Trial of Vladimir Putin: Geoffrey Robertson rehearses the scenarios

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

In The Trial of Vladimir Putin, barrister Geoffrey Robertson answers that question by dramatising what might happen within the walls of a future courtroom.

Key Points:

In The Trial of Vladimir Putin, barrister Geoffrey Robertson answers that question by dramatising what might happen within the walls of a future courtroom.
The question of whether Putin is guilty of aggression is fairly straightforward.
Evidence would be needed that he is responsible in his role as a commander for actions carried out by subordinates.
Instead, a special aggression tribunal would have to be established in the tradition of the trials of Nazis at Nuremberg.

It is not pure fiction; it is speculation informed by Robertson’s experience.
The details he imagines will bring these potential future trials to life for readers who are less familiar than he is with the inside of a courtroom.
Does Robertson really need to tell us three times that any judgements should be uploaded to the internet?

Rhetorical devices

Whether Putin should be tried even if absent is a hard question because there are arguments on both sides.
Instead, he uses rhetorical tools such as hyperbole: if “international law is to have any meaning”, he writes, then a trial in the defendant’s absence “must be acceptable”.
Robertson criticises this with the remark that it “entitles a man who has given orders to kill thousands to stand back and laugh”.

It is that he gives the impression that the complexities do not exist.
Dismissive language is a more general feature of his writing style.
The implication is that Robertson is atypical among lawyers, someone who will sweep aside conventions and assumptions.
Read more:
An inside look at the dangerous, painstaking work of collecting evidence of suspected war crimes in Ukraine

The United Nations

One of the bolder elements in the book is what Robertson says about the United Nations.
One of them is that the Security Council could authorise, say, the United States to take military action against another nuclear-armed major power: is that outcome “obviously right”?
The same logic might be used to justify expelling the United States, Britain and Australia, which were accused of unlawfully invading Iraq in 2003.
Robertson compares the UN unfavourably with its predecessor, the League of Nations, which “expelled the USSR for attacking Finland”.

Rowan Nicholson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Draft revised Heads of Medicines Agency / European Medicines Agency guidance document on the identification of personal data and commercially confidential information within the structure of the marketing authorisation application dossier

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Steps, Union, Patient, CTD, Syndrome, CCI, Local, Disclosure, Toxicity, Process validation, MAH, Clinical trial, IP, RMP, Pharmacovigilance, Cell, Legislation, Annex, Trial of the century, Escherichia coli, Safety, Pediatrics, INTRODUCTION, Documentation, Prevalence, Vital signs, Tablet, Design, Transparency, Conclusion, Pip, Analysis, European Parliament, INN, Record, Quality, Generic, Biology, CMO, Genotoxicity, Composition, CTIS, Uncontrolled, Health care, European Medicines Agency, Prejudice, Committee, Policy, HCP, Animal, Characterization, Cell bank, Fertility, IRB, CMOS, Risk management, Private law, European Pharmacopoeia, Telephone, Research, Good, Data Protection Directive, Ampere-hour, IEC, QP, Human, Personal data, Labelling, Bibliography, Figure, MAA, R4, Institutional review board, Elucidation, Marketing, M4, ChromeOS, Contract research organization, Mental, Impairment, Toxicokinetics, NCA, Independent, Metabolite, Drug, Risk, Metabolism, GMO, Organ, EMA, Common Technical Document, General Data Protection Regulation, Confidentiality, PPD, PI, Language, DRUG, Privacy, Result, Claimed, Medication, Comparison, Ethics, Drive, PD, Narrative, EEA, Developmental toxicity, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pharmacopoeia, PIP, MCB, HMA, Physical chemistry, Midol, Particle size, Council, GCP, European Economic Area, Draft, Fermentation, Overview, Justification, Control, Dicarboxylic acid, Pharmacology, WCB, Expert, Immunogenicity, Data, Study, Publication, European, ICH, Element, Analytical procedures (finance auditing), Name, Common, Guideline, Exceptional circumstances, ID, Liver, Chin Na, Toxicology, Protein primary structure, Immunosuppressive drug, Vaccine

See websites for contact details

Key Points:

See websites for contact details
Heads of Medicines Agencies www.hma.eu
European Medicines Agency www.ema.europa.eu
11

Table of contents

12

Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 3

13

Definitions ................................................................................................... 4

14

1.
redaction, masking,
68

hiding) in such a manner that the recipient can no longer attribute the resulting information to a data

69

subject and make it identifiable.
81
Contract Manufacturing Organisation (CMO): shall mean an arrangement under which a

82

manufacturer provides upstream manufacturing services under contract on behalf of third-party

83

pharmaceutical companies.
94
Protected Personal Data (PPD): shall mean any personal data which should be protected from

95

disclosure.
?Finalised? shall mean that the marketing
102

authorisation (MA) has been granted or refused or that the MAA has been withdrawn.
The application of the general principles laid down in this guidance is without prejudice to
106

national rules on transparency.
The guidance should be read in conjunction with the relevant applicable
107

legislation and case law on transparency and data protection.
117
This guidance document is intended to apply to information/documents on medicinal products for

118

human use, for which the procedure has been finalised under the national, mutual recognition,

119

decentralised and centralised procedures.
Third
124

parties shall be informed or consulted as needed depending on respective national and European legal

125

frameworks.
140
In the following sections, the agreed principles on PD and CCI are presented, including guidance on

141

whether such information can be disclosed.
EMA/131365/2024
Page 5/50

142

Any information identified as PD or CCI must be subject to a preliminary review by the EMA/NCA prior

143

to the possible disclosure of the information/documents.
Principles on the protection of personal data (PD)
145

The protection of PD is enshrined in EU legislation; it is a fundamental right of EU citizens.
In
146

compliance with the applicable European/national legislation, PD should be anonymised in order to

147

avoid the disclosure of the document undermining the privacy and integrity of any individual.
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which PD elements are to be
152

removed from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
are included in the MAA dossier because they have a legally
164

defined role or responsibility and it is in the public interest to disclose this data.
168
Applicants are advised that non-essential information (e.g., personal address, personal phone number)

169

should not be included in the MAA dossier.
The
183

confidentiality of records that could identify subjects should be protected, respecting the privacy and

184

confidentiality rules in accordance with the applicable regulatory requirement(s).
185
The applicant remains responsible for compliance with the relevant legislation in cases where such data

186

is inadvertently included in the MAA dossier.
188
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which personal data elements need to be removed

189

from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
194
EMA/NCA applies a risk-based approach to assess which personal data elements need to be removed

195

from the information/documents in order to limit the risk of re-identification.
205
Any proposal to consider information as commercially confidential should be properly justified by the

206

owner of the information.
In this respect, any reference(s) to the risk of that interest being
209

undermined should be foreseeable and not purely hypothetical.
210
Information that is already in the public domain is not considered to be commercially confidential.
Information on the Quality and Manufacturing of medicines
226

A general principle regarding quality and manufacturing information is that detailed information could

227

be considered commercially confidential but general information should be disclosed.
234
In general, and if not in the public domain, the names of manufacturers or suppliers of the active

235

substance or the excipients are considered commercially confidential.
248
A general description of the type of test methods used and the appropriateness of the specification is

249

not commercially confidential.
General information on the fermentation and purification process
259

is not commercially confidential, although details including operating parameters and specific material

260

requirements are commercially confidential.
273
A general description of the type of test methods used and the appropriateness of the specification is

274

not commercially confidential.
In general, the data included in clinical trial study reports is considered to be data that can be
283

disclosed once PD has been anonymised.
338
In each module, a non-exhaustive list of information that may be considered protected personal data (PPD) or commercially confidential information

332
333

339

(CCI) is included.
?
Direct contact details such as telephone

Therefore, please refer to the appropriate sub-

number, fax number, email, postal address,

modules hereafter for guidance.
?
Information that may reveal strategic
(contractual) agreements

?

Any quality information on the clinical batches

principal investigator

that might be included here (such as e.g.
?
Information that may reveal strategic
(contractual) agreements

principal investigator

Study Reports
5.3.3.3

as the evaluation of new formulation, innovative

number, fax number, email, postal

Paediatric Development Plan (PIP), etc.
This may include taking into
More Than One Study
5.3.5.4

Other Clinical Study Reports

5.3.6

Reports of Post-Marketing
Experience

5.3.7

Direct identifiers such as name,
signature, contact details, etc.

Draft template for assessment report for the development of European herbal monographs and European Union list entries - Revision 6

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

The completed comments form should be sent to

Key Points:

The completed comments form should be sent to
[email protected]
10
11
Keywords
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products; HMPC; European Union herbal
monographs; European Union list of herbal substances, preparations and
combinations thereof for use in traditional herbal medicinal products; herbal
medicinal products; traditional herbal medicinal products; traditional use;
well-established medicinal use; benefit-risk assessment; assessment report

12

1
2

Changes introduced in section 6 Overall conclusions.
Peer-reviewer

If not the same peer-reviewer
since last version, all peerreviewers should be listed, and
the version specified in
brackets.
22

23

on
.
It is a working
24

document, not yet edited, and shall be further developed after the release for consultation of the

25

.
The principle of the template is to make clear
distinctions between presentation of data (methodology and results)
and the assessment of the data (?assessor?s comment?).
likely from an article but it seems it is concluded by
the rapporteur; ?According to the author? to be added.
Chapters with
a heading including the word ?conclusion? should include a summary
of all critical assessment of the assessor for that particular
chapter.
If an assessor?s comment is not needed, the Rapporteur
should delete the box inserted in the template.
?
The report should be sufficiently detailed to allow for secondary
assessment of the available data by other HMPC experts.
Overview of available pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal
preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof ........................................................... 16
97
98

3.3.
Overall conclusions on clinical pharmacology and efficacy ........................................ 27
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005

Page 4/41

119

5.
This sections is related to
available quality standards and there is no need to repeat information
on all preparations included in the monograph.
Search and assessment methodology
161

The Rapporteur shall undertake a comprehensive search of relevant
scientific literature and articles, Acts of law and regulations and
other relevant sources.
Cross-reference to the list of
references in Annex, which should list separately the references
supporting the assessment report.
143
144
145
150
151
152
153
154

162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175

Herbal substance(s)

Herbal preparation(s)

Relevant constituents for this assessment report

Examples of scientific databases to be searched are Medline, PubMed,
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE etc.
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 6/41

176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192

Additional relevant references could also be retrieved from the checked
references.
Examples of books are Hagers Handbuch, The Complete German
Commission E Monographs, PDR for herbal medicines etc.
In addition, information from non-EU regulatory
authorities for examples Health Canada monographs or WHO monographs
could be searched, if relevant to herbal substances and preparations in
EU.
221
225
226
227

232

When the assessment report is revised, the rapporteur should briefly
summarise the main changes under this section.
Data are collected using the template entitled ?Document
for information exchange for the preparation of the assessment report
for the development of European Union monographs and for inclusion of
herbal substance(s), preparation(s) or combinations thereof in the
list? (EMEA/HMPC/137093/2006).
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 8/41

Herbal substance/

Indication

Posology and
method of

preparation

administration

Posology, age
groups,
pharmaceutical
form, method of
administration,
duration of use
As reported in
the market
overview

As reported in
the market
overview

As reported in
the market
overview.
Assessment report on
EMA/HMPC/418902/2005
Page 10/41

Herbal substance/

Indication/Medicinal

Posology and

preparation

use

method of
administration

Posology, age
groups,
pharmaceutical
form, method of
administration,
duration of use

Regulatory Status

Type of
regulatory
status where
possible, date,
Country

287

This overview is not exhaustive.
Clinical Safety/Pharmacovigilance
836
837
838
839
840
841

See ?Assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the preparation of
EU herbal monographs for well-established and traditional herbal
medicinal products?(EMA/HMPC/104613/2005) for further details.
Overall conclusions on clinical safety
1067

1068

In terms of structure, the conclusion should follow the presentation of
the results above.
Overall conclusions
1092

1093

1101

Describe key aspects only briefly, these will already have been
described in detail in the respective sections.
This section should
cover all recommended ?well-established use? and ?traditional use?
indications and conclusions shall be provided for each therapeutic
indication and each herbal preparation.
1102
Well established use monograph

1103
1104

The clinical studies supporting well-established use should be
specified for each therapeutic indication and each herbal preparation.
The choice for the wording of traditional use indications vis-?vis existing wordings in monographs in the same therapeutic area should
be briefly discussed/justified.
1153
List entry

1154

The conclusions should include a statement pointing to the
possibility/non-possibility to support a European Union list entry.

Is home bias biased? New evidence from the investment fund sector

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Rule of law, Journal of Accounting Research, Capital control, Domestic, CEPII, Research Papers in Economics, M. B, Regression analysis, Journal of International Economics, Foreign, Economic growth, Methodology, Row, International, Intuition, Risk, Heritage, Economic development, Goethe University Frankfurt, Overweight, Journal of Monetary Economics, Accounting research, International business, Paper, Political economy, Journal of Financial Economics, Environment, Website, United, Category, World Bank, Probability, Medical classification, Sun, Appendix, Handbook, G11, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Frankfurt, Institution, Investment, International economics, Journal of Political Economy, Corporation, G15, Logic, Dow Jones, PDF, Classification, ECB, CEIC, Károlyi, Policy, Outline, Household, Social science, JEL, Real, Bias, FDI, Journal, Research, Journal of Economic Literature, Credit, The Journal of Finance, Literature, Nationalization, European Central Bank, AA, Culture, Growth, Monetary economics, Section 5, Kho, Rule, Rogoff, Developed country, AAA, Finance, SHS, Control, Variable, Section 4, Language, Section 3, Role, Economy, Financial economics, Section 2, Freedom, Central bank, Incidence, Law, The Heritage Foundation, American Economic Review, Obstfeld, SSRN, Foreign direct investment, G23, Corruption, Quarterly Journal, Financial statement analysis, GDP, IMF Economic Review, Schumacher, University, MVI, Demirci, Dependent and independent variables, Lane, Common, Magazine, Bank, Reproduction, Security (finance)

Key Points:

Proposed FTC Order will Prohibit Telehealth Firm Cerebral from Using or Disclosing Sensitive Data for Advertising Purposes, and Require it to Pay $7 Million

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Key Points:

Proposed FTC Order will Prohibit Telehealth Firm Cerebral from Using or Disclosing Sensitive Data for Advertising Purposes, and Require it to Pay $7 Million

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

The order must be approved by the court before it can go into effect.

Key Points:

The order must be approved by the court before it can go into effect.
“As the Commission’s complaint lays out, Cerebral violated its customers’ privacy by revealing their most sensitive mental health conditions across the Internet and in the mail,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan.
“To address this betrayal, the Commission is ordering a first-of-its-kind prohibition that bans Cerebral from using any health information for most advertising purposes."
Cerebral provides online mental health and related services on a negative option basis, which means consumers are automatically charged unless they cancel those services.

Despite promising that consumers could “cancel anytime,” Cerebral required its clients to navigate a complex, multi-step, and often multi-day process to cancel.
The complaint alleges that the company continued to charge consumers while it slow-walked consumers’ cancellation requests, which cost consumers millions in additional charges.
The proposed order, which must be approved by a federal court before it can go into effect, only applies to Cerebral.

The Commission voted 3-0 to refer the complaint against Cerebral and Robertson and a stipulated final order with Cerebral to the Department of Justice for filing.
The DOJ filed the complaint and stipulated order in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.