Letter

• The review comes after Dave Yost, the state’s attorney general, advised administrators in a call that using race as a factor to award funds may be unconstitutional.
• The day after the Supreme Court’s decision, he had signaled that schools should clamp down on race-conscious programs.
• He warned that “disguised” race-conscious admissions policies are still race-conscious admissions policies.

Targeting racial criteria

• Officials at the universities of Kentucky and Missouri eliminated consideration of race in scholarships and grants.
• This raises a question that goes beyond Ohio: Are scholarships that use race as part of their criteria a thing of the past?
• To figure that out, administrators may have to go back to the source: the 2023 Supreme Court decision.

Diversity and the ‘strict scrutiny’ test

• In 2003 and again in 2016, the court ruled that a diverse student body is a compelling interest.
• But in 2023, Harvard and UNC weren’t able to pass the strict scrutiny test.
• But this overlooks two important facts: The Supreme Court did not rule that diversity can never be a compelling state interest or that race can never be considered.
• Even race-conscious admissions aren’t completely off the table – if programs can pass the strict scrutiny test.

• But after the Harvard and UNC decision, even these programs will need to explore other ways to achieve diversity.
• MIT and Stanford Law are among the programs already using criteria such as income, ZIP code and civic engagement to maintain diversity.

More challenges ahead

• In contrast, some campus leaders and lawyers argue that the court’s decision should be limited to race-conscious admissions.
• They argue it should not include other programs where race might be used as a factor.

Tips for prospective students and their parents

• Students can also take the following steps: • Stay informed: Follow the news to find out whether changes in state laws or policies will affect scholarship opportunities.
• • Talk to financial aid administrators: Connect with advisers in the school’s financial aid office to learn how they interpret the Harvard/UNC decision.

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Who makes the words? Why are trees called trees and why are shoes called shoes and who makes the names? - Elliot, age 5, Eltham, Victoria
Who makes the words? Why are trees called trees and why are shoes called shoes and who makes the names? - Elliot, age 5, Eltham, Victoria

• Let’s start with the first part of the question: who makes words?
• Well, there’s no official person or group that’s responsible for making words.
• Mostly, it’s a matter of reusing words, or parts of words, and transforming them into new products.

Creating words out of ‘tree’ and ‘shoe’

• One is to add things called “suffixes”, which are letters we add to the ends of words to change their meaning slightly.
• It’s also possible to combine whole words to make new ones.
• These types of words are called “compound words” — they are often written as two words (“apple tree”), but sometimes one (“shoelace”).
• This is when we mix words together (sometimes they’re called “frankenwords”, itself a blend of “Frankenstein” and “word”).

Treerific (“tree” has been squished with “terrific” to convey something wonderful that is related to trees)
Shoenicorn (“shoe” has been squished with “unicorn” to mean an unicorn with magical shoes)

• Words and parts of words can combine and recombine to create a never-ending number of new words.
• We can also build words from the first letters of other words.
• Finally, English is also a word pirate that steals words from other languages — more than 350 in fact.
• This term for this is “borrowing” — curious, because English has no intention of ever giving these words back!

Early examples of trees and shoes

• Okay, so what about the second part of the question: why are trees called trees and why are shoes called shoes?
• Here’s a very early example of “tree” from an ancient poem written more than a thousand years ago.

• This was spoken about 2,500 years ago, but unfortunately nothing survives of the language, or perhaps people weren’t into writing things down back then.
• We can go even further back in time to the grandparent of English — a language called “Proto-Indo-European”.

The very beginning of trees and shoes

• For centuries, people have wondered how words like “tree” and “shoe” were invented.
• There are lots of ideas around, but we’ll never know for sure because people have been speaking for more than 30,000 years.
• Remember what we could do earlier with just the two words “tree” and “shoe’!

Kate Burridge does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

• Up two flights of stairs, the music machinery on offer includes brands such as Moog and Buchla, as well as modern euro-racks.
• (From Michael’s fieldnotes)
  I finally locate the legendary Schneiders Buero, a shop selling analogue synthesizers in Berlin’s Kotti neighbourhood.
• Up two flights of stairs, the music machinery on offer includes brands such as Moog and Buchla, as well as modern euro-racks.
• (From Michael’s fieldnotes) As academics who rarely go a day without playing or making music, we have spent the past decade examining the extraordinary revival of analogue technology.
• This means there are now more analogue options available than at any time since the 1970s, the heyday of the modular format.

The appeal of the slow

• So we dived in.
• Eventually, these forays became our formal research project, which has included visiting record fairs and conventions around the world, going on photowalks and attending listening evenings, and meeting an array of diehard analogue communities both on and off line.

• The team is working with academics from different backgrounds who have been engaged in projects aimed at tackling societal and scientific challenges.
• And we expect interest in such experiences to rise exponentially in coming years.
• Recognising our existential need to occasionally slow down can be the basis for winning consumer strategies.
• Recognising our existential need to occasionally slow down can be the basis for winning consumer strategies.

Saved from demolition

• Rather than nostalgia, they are turning to film because of its aesthetic values and a greater sense of creative control over their photos.
• In response, venerable brands including Kodak, Polaroid and Leica have re-emerged – in some cases, almost from the dead.
• We literally saved it from demolition at the very last second in 2008.
• We literally saved it from demolition at the very last second in 2008.
• He said luxury brands such as Gucci are particularly keen on using film photography as this gives their promotional material a different look.

Work, effort, meaning

• When it was conceded that digital probably was better for wildlife photography, James cut in:
  That’s to miss the point!
• The sound might be better but you miss seeing the work that went into the performance, the effort of the players and their crew.
• Work, effort, meaning – these ideas are all interconnected for users and consumers of analogue technology.
• However, when asked to compare the two, they talk about the greater weight and meaning they give to their analogue experiences.
• I think it is the quality of the human voice; it does feel more like someone’s speaking to me.

• And part of what makes this possible is the process of analogue recording, in which all the sounds being made, including the unscripted noise of the recording process itself, are captured in the final track.
• To facilitate this sound, some musicians have even started setting up their own pressing plants, such as Jack White’s Third Man Pressing in Detroit.

The joy of happy accidents

• Half of what you do trying to make music is like a happy accident that ends up sounding better than what you intended.
• When we started, we didn’t have that technology, so we made mistakes and some of them were happy accidents, resulting in iconic tracks.
• When we started, we didn’t have that technology, so we made mistakes and some of them were happy accidents, resulting in iconic tracks.
• It’s these happy accidents that we love.
• It’s these happy accidents that we love.
• For example, the opening bass part of Cannonball, the 1993 song by US Indie band the Breeders, accidentally starts in a different key.
• Bass player Josephine Wiggs began playing the riff one step down, then fixed it when the drums came in.

Digital technology is de-skilling us

• Over the decade or so of our research, explanations for the analogue revival have shifted from nostalgia, to the desire for something physical in a digital age, to the sense that analogue technology is creatively preferable.
• Is digital technology de-skilling consumers, leading to a sense of alienation?
• Using analogue technology is another way consumers can feed this desire to re-skill.
• Rob told us how his love of music had turned sour with the “sheer ease” of digital, starting with CDs and the MP3 player – and how vinyl had reinvigorated him.
• For him, the problem came when listening on digital devices without the “sides” of vinyl albums, and then on music streaming platforms whose digital algorithms preference popular tracks.

‘This song sucks’

• These are the people who want to stretch and break the rules and trigger the happy accidents that create something altogether new.
• For example, photographers who seek more creative expressions by pre-soaking or “souping” their camera film in lemon juice, coffee, beer, or even burning it.
• And among this group, connecting digital and analogue technology is also common – combining two completely different systems to generate even more possibilities.
• Film director Denis Villeneuve’s first instalment of Dune (2021) was initially shot on digital, then transferred to film, before being re-digitised.
• By combining the two, Villeneuve got a film that, in his words, has a “more timeless, painterly feel”.

For you: more from our Insights series:
How music heals us, even when it’s sad – by a neuroscientist leading a new study of musical therapy

The artist formerly known as Camille – Prince’s lost album ‘comes out’

Beatrix Potter’s famous tales are rooted in stories told by enslaved Africans – but she was very quiet about their origins

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The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

• Beyond managing related risks, the financial sector can also contribute to the transition toward a net-zero economy.
• Our work aims to enhance data transparency in climate change analysis, while informing monetary policy, financial stability and banking supervision.
• The indicators we have developed focus on the euro area financial sector and are built from harmonised granular datasets.