Income

ECB Consumer Expectations Survey results – November 2023

Retrieved on: 
fredag, januari 19, 2024

Bank market power, both in the loan and deposit market, has important implications for credit provision and for financial stability.

Key Points: 
  • Bank market power, both in the loan and deposit market, has important implications for credit provision and for financial stability.
  • This article discusses these issues through the lens of a simple theoretical framework.

A primer on measuring household income

Retrieved on: 
fredag, januari 19, 2024

But not all components of income generate a positive cash flow for households.

Key Points: 
  • But not all components of income generate a positive cash flow for households.
  • One indicator of growth in household income that comes closer to household perceptions is compensation of employees.

Net interest income of households and firms

Retrieved on: 
fredag, januari 19, 2024

Over the last decade net interest income has been negative for households and firms at the aggregate sectoral level.

Key Points: 
  • Over the last decade net interest income has been negative for households and firms at the aggregate sectoral level.
  • Interest-bearing assets, which affect the interest received by households and firms, and liabilities, which affect interest paid, are important drivers of developments in net interest income.

Selling on Vinted, Etsy or eBay? Here's what you need to know about paying tax

Retrieved on: 
onsdag, januari 17, 2024

But it does mean that HMRC will have more information on cases when people selling online should pay tax and don’t.

Key Points: 
  • But it does mean that HMRC will have more information on cases when people selling online should pay tax and don’t.
  • And because this information will also be passed to the person selling, it will be useful information if you need to fill out a self-assessment tax return.
  • This article is part of Quarter Life, a series about issues affecting those of us in our twenties and thirties.
  • The articles in this series explore the questions and bring answers as we navigate this turbulent period of life.
  • These apply no matter your age – under 18s can be required to pay tax too.

1: Am I making or buying the things that I am selling specifically to make a profit?

  • This is not carrying out a trade.
  • You may need to pay income tax.

2: How much income did I generate in total during the year?

  • This applies if you’re carrying out a trade – selling items to make a profit.
  • There is a trade allowance of £1,000, meaning that you can earn up to £1,000 without any tax implications.

3: Did I sell any item for more than £6,000?

  • Even if you’re not carrying out a trade and so don’t have to pay income tax, you might still need to consider capital gains tax.
  • In the UK, in addition to tax on our income, we are also required to pay tax when we sell a significant item for more than we paid for it.

Paying tax

  • If you made money through trade or by selling something of high value in the financial year which ran from April 2022 to April 2023, you will need to fill out your tax return and pay any outstanding tax by January 31 2024.
  • If you think you might have to pay tax, or you are worried or unsure, the HMRC guidelines may help you.
  • Paying tax can feel like losing money, but that money goes towards supporting our society.


Richard Tyler does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Kush: what is this dangerous new west African drug that supposedly contains human bones?

Retrieved on: 
tisdag, januari 16, 2024

Another reason might be the drug content of the bones themselves, if the deceased was a fentanyl or tramadol user.

Key Points: 
  • Another reason might be the drug content of the bones themselves, if the deceased was a fentanyl or tramadol user.
  • The drug is reported in both Guinea and Liberia, which share porous land borders with Sierra Leone, making drug trafficking easy.
  • The danger of the drug is twofold: the risk of self-injury to the drug taker and the highly addictive nature of the drug itself.
  • The effectiveness of legislation alone is questionable, and many of those who attend the very limited rehabilitation centres return to drug use.

How looking after your willpower can help you reduce stress and stay productive, wherever you are working

Retrieved on: 
tisdag, januari 16, 2024

The COVID pandemic led to big increases in psychological distress for many people, including symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression.

Key Points: 
  • The COVID pandemic led to big increases in psychological distress for many people, including symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression.
  • The negative impact on mental health has been substantial and is likely to be long-lasting, with many people experiencing psychological distress even now.
  • Our research seeks to understand how psychological distress created by the pandemic has affected how productive people are at work.

Remote work, productivity and stress

  • Our study shows the impact of psychological distress on productivity during the pandemic was even more pronounced for people who worked from home.
  • Remote workers also reported that boundaries between work and home are often blurred, with workspaces and job-related tasks intruding on home life.
  • But unfortunately, other situations can still cause stress that affects productivity at work – whether that’s a health issue, bereavement, a divorce or other major life events.
  • So, what can you do to try to cope, and even maintain your productivity at work, during such stressful situations?

Get the right support when stressed at work

  • This can include support from family, friends and colleagues, but also mental health and financial support.
  • Sufficient recovery time after a stressful event and, more generally, sleep and breaks from work can also replenish your self-regulation resources.
  • As our research shows, organisations need to support employees who work from home in particular.
  • Managers should also take individual preferences for homeworking into account, and make sure homeworkers have sufficient control over their work.


The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Six ways inequality holds back climate action

Retrieved on: 
tisdag, januari 16, 2024

Are improvements to green technologies, like better batteries and more efficient solar panels, enough on their own to tackle climate change?

Key Points: 
  • Are improvements to green technologies, like better batteries and more efficient solar panels, enough on their own to tackle climate change?
  • In our recent article for Nature Climate Change, we explain why inequality remains one of the biggest barriers to the net zero transition.

1. The very rich are very big polluters

  • According to their latest analysis, the richest 1% emit as much CO₂ as the poorest 66% combined.
  • To limit warming to 1.5°C, each person has a yearly carbon budget of about 1 tonne.

2. Political solutions are limited

  • The political power of the rich prevents measures that could otherwise distribute emissions and energy use more fairly.
  • Billionaires who have made their fortunes through investments in the fossil fuel industry have donated to groups that campaign against policy solutions to climate change, obstructing and delaying efforts to decarbonise.

3. Carbon taxes could be more effective


No price attached to carbon emissions, in any country, accounts for their full damage to the Earth and to human health. This means that it is often cheaper for industries to pollute than switch to clean alternatives.

  • Carbon taxes are supposed to increase the price of emitting greenhouse gases and pollution so that the greenest option is also the cheapest one.
  • More equal societies, without extreme poverty or wealth, could introduce carbon taxes that enable everyone to decarbonise.

4. Green options aren’t in reach for all

  • If you’re one of the many people on a low income then you may not be able to afford them.
  • Ensuring that subsidy schemes specifically support those on lower incomes could allow everyone to make the changes necessary for reaching net zero.

5. People need free time to go green

  • Beyond wealth and income, there are also inequalities in available time to consider.
  • Some low-carbon options take longer or are less convenient than the polluting alternatives, such as travelling long distances by train instead of flying.


More equality in free time, such as a four-day working week, can help people make lifestyle changes that benefit the planet.

6. Public services cannot meet their potential

  • Universally available amenities also meet basic standards of human wellbeing while using less energy overall.
  • In the UK, London boasts the cheapest bus fares and the most comprehensive public transport network.


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The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Is economic growth good for our health?

Retrieved on: 
tisdag, januari 16, 2024

Is economic growth good for us?

Key Points: 
  • Is economic growth good for us?
  • Put another way, we know that growing the economy is good for business and for creating jobs.
  • Given how wealth contributes to health on the personal, individual level, the case for economic growth might seem intuitive.

Economics and life expectancy


There is a reliable historical correlation between economic prosperity and trends in life expectancy, which is enough for many scholars to suggest that growth is generally a good thing. However, this is not to say that we can expect continued improvements in health whenever we see economic growth.

  • As a political sociologist and epidemiologist, I understand health as a fundamentally political problem.
  • I am not alone in this; scholars have connected politics to population health since ancient times.

Politics and economics

  • The problem is that too many scholars have come forward with concerns that growth can be bad for our health.
  • A classic sociological study published in 1897 found that suicide rates spike after sudden improvements in a society’s economic prosperity.
  • There is also evidence that economic growth harms public health when governments do not plan for it carefully.

Priorities and population health


Arguably, many growing societies happen to be the same ones that invested in education and other beneficial infrastructures, which explains the correlation with health.

  • By the same token we cannot expect better health to come from economic growth if the pursuit of growth ends up increasing income inequality.
  • Nor can we expect better health after slashing budgets allocated to key priorities such as education or health care.
  • And then there is the issue of how health is defined.

A better way to grow

  • Such findings prompt the question of whether there is a better way to grow.
  • For many researchers, the answer is obvious and the case for it clear: Yes.
  • The takeaway here would seem to be that growth can be good for health.


Andrew C. Patterson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.