Fuel oil

• But they have a problem – the majority of them burn heavy sulfur fuel oil, which is a driver of climate change.
• While cargo ships’ engines have become more efficient over time, the industry is under growing pressure to eliminate its carbon footprint.
• The International Maritime Organization, the United Nations agency that regulates international shipping, also plans to strengthen its climate strategy this summer.

Why is it so hard for shipping to transition away from fossil fuels?

• Most of the big shippers’ fleets are less than 20 years old, but even the newer builds don’t necessarily have the most advanced technology.
• But their assets – their fleets – were purchased with a long lifespan in mind, and alternative fuels aren’t yet widely available.
• Ships are being built that can run on liquefied natural gas (LNG) and methanol, and even hydrogen is coming online.
• Often these are dual-fuel – ships that can run on either alternative fuels or fossil fuels.

Can tougher regulations and carbon pricing effectively push the industry to change?

• Like most industries, shipping lines want standardized rules they can count on not to change next year.
• Another concern with the EU’s moves is whether it has a grasp on all the “what if” scenarios.
• For example, if the EU has stricter rules than other countries, that affects which ships companies can use on European routes.

Are there ways companies can cut emissions now while preparing to upgrade their fleets?

• There are a number of options ship companies are using now to lower emissions.
• With less friction, the engine isn’t working as hard, which reduces emissions.
• If ships run at a higher speed, their engines work harder, which means they use more fuel and release more emissions.
• As simple as those may sound, they have made huge improvements in terms of emissions, but they aren’t enough on their own.

Will a higher goal set by the IMO be enough to pressure the industry to change?

• I used to work in shipping, and I know the maritime industry is a very old-school industry from centuries ago.
• But the industry has invested millions in new ships with the most effective technology available in recent years.
• When the IMO began requiring all ships using heavy fuel in global trade to shift to low-sulfur fuel, the industry pivoted to meet the rule, even though retrofits were costly and time consuming.

• "We are very pleased to receive this order for a number of reasons."
• This refinery was an early customer and has ongoing experience with the operation and performance of the ClearSign burner technology.
• This purchase order states that the procurement and fabrication of burners may be added at a later date, or not at all.
• If this order does continue to the supply of our equipment, it would displace an existing SCR system and help the refinery adhere to the stricter emissions regulations in California.

• TULSA, Okla., April 6, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- ClearSign Technologies Corporation (Nasdaq: CLIR) ("ClearSign" or the "Company"), an emerging leader in industrial combustion and sensing technologies that improve energy, operational efficiency and safety while dramatically reducing emissions, today provides an update on operations for the full year ended December 31, 2022.
• "As we progress with the production installations of our twenty-burner for a California refinery, we continue to get positive industry feedback."
• "The recent traction with our boiler burner product, including sales into two states, California and Texas, is an important milestone for us.
• There were 38,023,701 shares of the Company's common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

• The ShoreKat CARB Executive Order successfully concludes a CARB sponsored grant project issued to Pasha Terminals LP as part of the “Green Omni Terminal Project” in the Port of Los Angeles.
• The ShoreKat technology is a highly efficient air pollution control system that removes particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, and other harmful pollutants from exhaust gasses produced by ships and other marine vessels.
• The technology uses ceramic filters as part of its process to capture and treat pollutants from exhaust gas before it is released as clean air into the atmosphere.
• As a mobile shore-based system, it can be placed into position to avoid interfering with ship assist, bunkering, or cargo handling.